Exposure with Minor Risk Factors among Blood Donors in Tehran Province, Iran: A Cohort Study

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Center for Health-Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran

2 Researcher, Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine AND Tehran Regional Educational Blood Transfusion Center, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

4 Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine AND Tehran Regional Educational Blood Transfusion Center, Tehran, Iran

5 Legal Medicine Organization, Semnan Province, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract

Background: For screening and selecting healthy volunteer blood donors, it is important how to face with the minor risk factors.Methods: In a cohort study during the 2005-2011, minor risk factors for transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among blood donors in Tehran, Iran, were evaluated. Data for the study were obtained from the database of MAK-SYSTEM International Group. Odds ratio and relative risk were calculated. To calculate the incidence among repeated donors, the number of seroconverters was divided to person-years at risk.Findings: From 19,044 blood donor volunteers entered the study in 2005, 10,696 people were in the unexposed group (no risk) and 8,348 in exposed group to the minor risk factors. They were followed until 2011. The odds ratio was 2.7 for donors exposed group and 2.9 in cupping, 1.4 in dentistry, 1.5 in endoscopic plus biopsy, and 7.8 in household subgroups. Calculated relative risk for HBV was 6.9 in exposed group to the minor risk factors and 9.9 in cupping subgroup.Conclusion: The results of this study show while in the country, more accurate screening tests such as nucleic acid-based tests (NAT) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods has not been used routinely for blood donors, deferral strategy applying in cases of exposure to minor risk factors, especially in the cupping exposed cases, is essential.

Keywords

References

  1. Klein HG. Will blood transfusion ever be safe enough? JAMA 2000; 284(2): 238-40.
  2. Schreiber GB, Busch MP, Kleinman SH, Korelitz JJ. The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections. The Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study. N Engl J Med 1996; 334(26): 1685-90.
  3. Zou S, Musavi F, Notari EP, Rios JA, Trouern-Trend J, Fang CT. Donor deferral and resulting donor loss at the American Red Cross Blood Services, 2001 through 2006. Transfusion 2008; 48(12): 2531-9.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 1997; 9(2): 15-26.
  5. Campostrini S. An index of HIV infection risk in the population. Epidemiol Prev 1994; 18(60): 151-6. [In Italian].
  6. Johnson AM, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Bradshaw S, Field J. Sexual lifestyles and HIV risk. Nature 1992; 360(6403): 410-2.
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission in household settings--United States. JAMA 1994; 271(24): 1897-9.
  8. Lackritz EM, Satten GA, Aberle-Grasse J, Dodd RY, Raimondi VP, Janssen RS, et al. Estimated risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus by screened blood in the United States. N Engl J Med 1995; 333(26): 1721-5.
  9. Galea G. The role of personal interviews by direct questioning on blood donors with particular reference to prevention of transfusion-related infections: a Scottish perspective. Transfus Med 1997; 7(1): 13-7.
  10. Marwick C. Will more donor questions make blood safer? JAMA 1991; 265(7): 838-9.
  11. Zou S, Musavi F, Notari EP, Fujii KE, Dodd RY. Prevalence of selected viral infections among temporarily deferred donors who returned to donate blood: American Red Cross blood donor study. Transfusion 2005; 45(10): 1593-600.
  12. Silvani C, Vianello L, Rebulla P, Prati D, Mozzi F, Taioli E, et al. Blood donors with 'medium' or 'minor' risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection: are they eligible for donation? Haematologica 2000; 85(10): 1055-9.
  13. Maynard J, Manchester K, Young CT. The effect of the first tattoo variance on our blood supply. Transfusion 2003; 43(Suppl): 73A.
  14. Nishioka SA, Gyorkos TW, Joseph L, Collet JP, Maclean JD. Tattooing and risk for transfusion-transmitted diseases: the role of the type, number and design of the tattoos, and the conditions in which they were performed. Epidemiol Infect 2002; 128(1): 63-71.
  15. Prati D, Capelli C, Silvani C, De Mattei C, Bosoni P, Pappalettera M, et al. The incidence and risk factors of community-acquired hepatitis C in a cohort of Italian blood donors. Hepatology 1997; 25(3): 702-4.
  16. Goldman M, Xi G, Yi QL, Fan W, O'Brien SF. Reassessment of deferrals for tattooing and piercing. Transfusion 2009; 49(4): 648-54.
  17. Baha W, Foullous A, Dersi N, They-they TP, El aK, Nourichafi N, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C virus infections among the general population and blood donors in Morocco. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 50.
  18. Al-Waleedi AA, Khader YS. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections and associated factors among blood donors in Aden City, Yemen. East Mediterr Health J 2012; 18(6): 624-9.
  19. Food and Drug Administration. Revised recommendations for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission by blood and blood products. Bethesda, MD: FDA; 1992.
  20. de Nishioka SA, Gyorkos TW, Joseph L, Collet JP, Maclean JD. Tattooing and risk for transfusion-transmitted diseases: the role of the type, number and design of the tattoos, and the conditions in which they were performed. Epidemiol Infect 2002; 128(1): 63–71.
  21. de Nishioka SA, Gyorkos TW, Joseph L, Collet JP, MacLean JD. Tattooing and transfusion-transmitted diseases in Brazil: a hospital-based cross-sectional matched study. Eur J Epidemiol 2003; 18(5): 441-9.
  22. Friday JL. Standards for blood banks and transfusion services. 22th ed. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks; 2003.
  23. Mirrezaie SM, Saber HR, Hajibeigi B, Salekmoghaddam E, Abbasian A, Alavian SM. Impact of HBV vaccination on prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus infection among volunteer blood donors in Tehran-Iran. Shiraz E-Med J 2014; 15(2): e18066.
  24. Saber HR, Mirrezaie SM, Hajibaygi B, Abasian A, Salek Moghadam E, Alavian SM, et al. HIV and HCV incidence estimation in first time blood donors in Tehran blood transfusion center. Sci J Iran Blood Transfus Organ 2012; 9(3): 308-14. [In Persian].
  25. Glynn SA, Kleinman SH, Wright DJ, Busch MP. International application of the incidence rate/window period model. Transfusion 2002; 42(8): 966-72.
  26. Soldan K, Barbara JA, Ramsay ME, Hall AJ. Estimation of the risk of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infectious donations entering the blood supply in England, 1993-2001. Vox Sang 2003; 84(4): 274-86.
  27. Korelitz JJ, Busch MP, Kleinman SH, Williams AE, Gilcher RO, Ownby HE, et al. A method for estimating hepatitis B virus incidence rates in volunteer blood donors. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study. Transfusion 1997; 37(6): 634-40.
  28. Zali MR, Mohammad K, Noorbala AA, Noorimayer B, Shahraz S. Rate of hepatitis B seropositivity following mass vaccination in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2005; 11(1-2): 62-7.
  29. Mansour-Ghanaei F, Joukar F, Yaseri M, Soati F, Atrkar-Roushan Z. Intrafamilial spread of hepatitis B virus in Guilan Province-North of Iran. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet 2013; 4(4): 250-7.
  30. Adibi P. Why we still need HBV population-based epidemiologic studies. Hepat Mon 2012; 12(2): 71-2.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 33, Issue 345 - Serial Number 345
July and August 2015
Pages 1261-1271

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 27 July 2015
  • Revise Date: 26 May 2024
  • Accept Date: 06 April 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics