The Effectiveness of Emotion Efficacy Therapy on Burden and Compassion Fatigue of Caregivers Patients with Dementia

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

1 PhD Candidate, Department of Psychology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Community Health Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Community Health Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

4 Professor, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Background: The high prevalence of dementia worldwide and its assosiated psychological consequences, including caregiving burden and compassion fatigue, puts the mental health of their caregivers at risk. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of emotion efficacy therapy on caregiving burden and compassion fatigue in caregivers of patients with dementia.
Methods: This was a semi-experimental research of pre-test-post-test type with a control group, which was conducted in 2022 among caregivers of dementia patients referred to neurology clinics in Isfahan city. Thirty participants were selected through purposeful sampling, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group received eight weekly 90-minute sessions of emotional efficiency therapy. The research tool was Zarit's burden of care and Stamm's professional life quality questionnaires. After analyzing the data, it was done with repeated measures variance analysis.
Findings: The effect of EET on reducing caregiving burden and compassion fatigue in the post-test is 16.1% and 17.4%, respectively. The effect of EET on caregiving burden and compassion fatigue variables in the follow-up phase is 15.2% and 15.6%, respectively. The difference between the two groups is not significant in the pre-test stage, but in the post-test and follow-up stages, a significant difference has been obtained between the control group and the test in both variables.
Conclusion: Emotion efficacy therapy significantly reduces caregiving burden and compassion fatigue in caregivers of patients with dementia.

Keywords


  1. Chowdhary N, Barbui C, Anstey KJ, Kivipelto M, Barbera M, Peters R, et al. Reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia: WHO recommendations. Front Neurol 2021; 12: 765584.
  2. Berk L, Warmenhoven F, van Os J, van Boxtel M. Mindfulness training for people with dementia and their caregivers: rationale, current research, and future directions. Front Psychol 2018; 9: 982.
  3. Bremer P, Challis D, Hallberg IR, Leino-Kilpi H, Saks K, Vellas B, et al. Informal and formal care: Substitutes or complements in care for people with dementia? Empirical evidence for 8 European countries. Health Policy 2017; 121(6): 613-22.
  4. Dahlberg L, Berndt H, Lennartsson C, Schön P. Receipt of formal and informal help with specific care tasks among older people living in their own home. National trends over two decades. Soc Policy Adm 2018; 52(1): 91-110.
  5. Whitworth HB, Whitworth J. A caregiver's guide to Lewy body dementia. 2nd Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Publishing Company; 2020.
  6. Mohammed MA, Moles RJ, Hilmer SN, O'Donnel LK, Chen TF. Development and validation of an instrument for measuring the burden of medicine on functioning and well-being: the Medication-Related Burden Quality of Life (MRB-QoL) tool. BMJ Open 2018; 8(1): e018880.
  7. Smith KJ, George C, Ferreira N. Factors emerging from the “Zarit Burden Interview” and predictive variables in a UK sample of caregivers for people with dementia-CORRIGENDUM. Int Psychogeriatr 2019; 31(3): 437.
  8. Brodaty H, Donkin M. Family caregivers of people with dementia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2022; 11(2): 217-28.
  9. Springate BA, Tremont G. Dimensions of caregiver burden in dementia: impact of demographic, mood, and care recipient variables. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 22(3): 294-300.
  10. Wakefield CJ. Community respite service utilisation
    and dementia care: a review of literature. Aust J Adv Nurs 2020; 37(2): 31-7.
  11. Lynch SH, Shuster G, Lobo ML. The family caregiver experience-examining the positive and negative aspects of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue as caregiving outcomes. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22(11): 1424-31.
  12. Figley CR. Compassion fatigue: Toward a new understanding of the costs of caring. In: Stamm BH, editor. Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. Toronto, CA: The Sidran Press; 1995.
  13. Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach-Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist 1980; 20(6): 649-55.
  14. Khalaila R. Caregiver burden and compassion fatigue among Arab family caregivers of older relatives. J Appl Gerontol 2021; 40(7): 722-30.
  15. El-Bar N, Levy A, Wald HS, Biderman A. Compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction among family physicians in the Negev area-a cross-sectional study. Isr J Health Policy Res 2013; 2(1): 31.
  16. Heidari R. Comparing compassion fatigue, psychological distress and mindfulness skills among mothers of the children with cerebral paralysis (CP) and mothers of healthy ones [in Persian]. Rooyesh 2020; 9(1): 37-46.
  17. Raoofi Adegani N, Sajjadian I, Reisi Dehkordi N. Effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on the self care and compassion fatigue in mothers with cancer child [in Persian]. Health Psycjhol 2023; 11(4): 137-52.
  18. James K, Thompson C, Holder-Nevins D, Willie-Tyndale D, McKoy-Davis J, Eldemire-Shearer D. Caregivers of older persons in Jamaica: characteristics, burden, and associated factors. J Appl Gerontol 2021; 40(7): 713-21.
  19. van der Lee J, Bakker TJE, Duivenvoorden HJ, Dröes RM. Do determinants of burden and emotional distress in dementia caregivers change over time? Aging Ment Health 2017; 21(3): 232-40.
  20. Bressan V, Hansen H, Koldby K, Andersen KD, Snijder A, Tageo V, et al. Needs, issues, and expectations on dementia care at home across Europe to inform policy development: Findings from a transnational research study. Health Policy 2021; 125(8): 1013-22.
  21. del-Pino-Casado R, Priego-Cubero E, López-Martínez C, Orgeta V. Subjective caregiver burden and anxiety in informal caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16(3): e0247143.
  22. McKay M, West A. Emotion efficacy therapy: A brief, exposure-based treatment for emotion regulation integrating ACT and DBT. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications; 2016
  23. Abdi Sarkami F, Mirzaian B, Abbasi G. The effectiveness of emotion efficacy therapy on the level of depression and self-care ability of non-clinical depressed elderly [in Persian]. Iran J Nurs Res 2021; 15(6): 65-74.
  24. Boden MT, Thompson RJ. Facets of emotional awareness and associations with emotion regulation and depression. Emotion 2015; 15(3): 399.
  25. Capobianco L, Reeves D, Morrison AP, Wells A. Group metacognitive therapy vs. mindfulness meditation therapy in a transdiagnostic patient sample: a randomised feasibility trial. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259: 554-61.
  26. Zareie Faskhudi B, Karbalaee A, Meigouni M, Rezabakhsh H, Ghelichi L. Comparison of the effect of unified transdiagnostic treatment from emotional disorders and emotion efficacy therapy on emotion regulation among adults with stuttering [in Persian]. J Appl Psychol Res 2021; 12(2): 185-209.
  27. Talebi M, Mokhtari Lakeh N, Rezasoltani P, Kazemnejad Leili E, Shamsizadeh M. Caregiver burden in caregivers of renalF patients under hemodialysis [in Persian]. J Holist Nurs Midwifery 2016; 26(2): 59-68.
  28. Stamm B. The concise manual for the professional quality of life scale. West Harrison, NY: Eastwoods, LLC; 2010.
  29. Mohammadi S, Borhani F, Roshanzadeh M. Compassion fatigue in nurses of intensive care unit [in Persian]. Med Ethics J 2015; 9(33): 85-102.
  30. Fowler NR, Judge KS, Lucas K, Gowan T, Stutz P, Shan M, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of an acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for caregivers of adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21(1): 127.
  31. Han A, Yuen HKHY. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) guided online for distressed caregivers of persons living with dementia. Clin Gerontol 2022; 45(4): 927-38.
  32. Griffiths AW, Wood AM, Tai S. The prospective role of defeat and entrapment in caregiver burden and depression amongst formal caregivers. Pers Individ Differ 2018; 120: 24-31.
  33. Malik H. Annabi CA. The impact of mindfulness practice on physician burnout: A scoping review. Front Psychol 2022; 13: 956651.
  34. Walton A. The cost of caring: emergency department nurses, compassion fatigue, and the need for resilience training. [Thesis]. Harrisonburg, Virginia: James Madison University; 2018.