Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Isfahan Medical School 1027-7595 43 801 2025 03 21 Improving the Effects of Antibiotics Through Their Micro-Encapsulation with Nanoparticles Improving the Effects of Antibiotics Through Their Micro-Encapsulation with Nanoparticles 18 29 31388 10.48305/jims.v43.i801.0018 FA Samereh Nouri PhD Student, Department of Microbiology, Fal. C.,, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-7916-722X Maryam Mohammadi Sichani Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Fal. C.,, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-8716-8863 Nafiseh Sadat Naghavi Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Fal. C.,, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-6367-0114 Gholam Reza Amiri Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Fal. C.,, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0003-0717-4196 Laleh Hoveida Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Fal. C.,, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-8544-5532 Journal Article 2024 10 24 <strong>Background:</strong><em> </em>Resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agents is a silent epidemic threatening the effectiveness of antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: This article is a review and was prepared by systematically searching original articles from 2011 to 2024 using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, BIO ONE, and Google Scholar databases. For this purpose, related keywords, including "Resistance to antibiotics," "Encapsulation of antibiotics in nanoparticles," and "Nanoparticles safety" were used. After removing duplicate and unrelated studies, 59 studies were included.<br /><strong>Findings:</strong><strong> </strong>Measuring the social, economic, and environmental impacts of drug-resistant microorganisms is challenging, but their significance is undeniable. Various nanomedicines based on organic nano-systems (liposomes, polymer micelles, and polymer nanoparticles) and inorganic nano-systems have been proposed to combat drug-resistant pathogens. Nanoparticles can have a synergistic effect on antibiotics by forming active hydroxyl radicals, changes in cellular defense activities, and anti-biofilm effects. Also, nanoparticles with low toxicity, high efficiency, the ability to penetrate the host cells, and the ability to release the drug at a specific location can be highly effective carriers for antibiotics. Among these carriers are liposomes with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, micelles carrying water-soluble drugs, and polymer nanoparticles that break the resistance of multidrug-resistant strains and biofilms. Meanwhile, biodegradable polymers have higher safety.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Various antibiotic delivery systems have been developed using nanoparticles, but further research is still needed to design more effective systems with a high level of safety. <strong>Background:</strong><em> </em>Resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agents is a silent epidemic threatening the effectiveness of antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: This article is a review and was prepared by systematically searching original articles from 2011 to 2024 using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, BIO ONE, and Google Scholar databases. For this purpose, related keywords, including "Resistance to antibiotics," "Encapsulation of antibiotics in nanoparticles," and "Nanoparticles safety" were used. After removing duplicate and unrelated studies, 59 studies were included.<br /><strong>Findings:</strong><strong> </strong>Measuring the social, economic, and environmental impacts of drug-resistant microorganisms is challenging, but their significance is undeniable. Various nanomedicines based on organic nano-systems (liposomes, polymer micelles, and polymer nanoparticles) and inorganic nano-systems have been proposed to combat drug-resistant pathogens. Nanoparticles can have a synergistic effect on antibiotics by forming active hydroxyl radicals, changes in cellular defense activities, and anti-biofilm effects. Also, nanoparticles with low toxicity, high efficiency, the ability to penetrate the host cells, and the ability to release the drug at a specific location can be highly effective carriers for antibiotics. Among these carriers are liposomes with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, micelles carrying water-soluble drugs, and polymer nanoparticles that break the resistance of multidrug-resistant strains and biofilms. Meanwhile, biodegradable polymers have higher safety.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Various antibiotic delivery systems have been developed using nanoparticles, but further research is still needed to design more effective systems with a high level of safety. https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_31388_1f8ac4a305f85a4b617655db27206fe1.pdf