Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Isfahan Medical School 1027-7595 30 196 2012 08 22 Comparison of Spinal Column Curvatures in Triathlon Athletes and Non-Athletes Comparison of Spinal Column Curvatures in Triathlon Athletes and Non-Athletes 13836 FA Nader Rahnama Associate Professor, Department of Sports Injuries, School of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Effat Bambaeichi Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Sajjad Bagherian MSc Student, Department of Sports Injuries, School of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-0443-4303 Soheila Nezhadroomazi MSc Student, Department of Sports Injuries, School of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2011 03 14 Background: Triathlon is a popular sport match that combines swimming, cycling, and running into a single event. During each stage, athletes have specific positions which may affect their spinal curvatures. The aim of this study was to compare forward head posture, thoracic kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis in triathlon athletes and non-athletes. Methods: This study included 40 Iranian male triathlon athletes and 40 non-athletes. Each athlete had to complete a questionnaire about training procedures and his experience of participation in a triathlon. The degrees of forward head, kyphosis, and lordosis were measured using a goniometer and a flexible ruler. Findings: The mean degree of forward head in triathlon athletes (44.58˚ ± 7.11˚) was significantly (about 20%) greater than non-athletes (28.55˚ ± 7.24˚). A significant difference was observed in mean kyphosis between triathlon athletes and non-athletes (45.86˚ ± 6.68˚ vs. 43.03˚ ± 5.6˚). However, no significant difference was found between triathlon athletes and non-athletes in mean lordosis (32.96˚ ± 5.85˚ vs. 33.76˚ ± 4.16˚). Conclusion: It can be concluded that posing specific postures during the 3 stages of a triathlon increases forward head posture and kyphosis among athletes. Therefore, stretching and strengthening exercises are recommended to prevent athletes from developing these abnormalities. Keywords: Forward head, Kyphosis, Lordosis, Triathlon Background: Triathlon is a popular sport match that combines swimming, cycling, and running into a single event. During each stage, athletes have specific positions which may affect their spinal curvatures. The aim of this study was to compare forward head posture, thoracic kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis in triathlon athletes and non-athletes. Methods: This study included 40 Iranian male triathlon athletes and 40 non-athletes. Each athlete had to complete a questionnaire about training procedures and his experience of participation in a triathlon. The degrees of forward head, kyphosis, and lordosis were measured using a goniometer and a flexible ruler. Findings: The mean degree of forward head in triathlon athletes (44.58˚ ± 7.11˚) was significantly (about 20%) greater than non-athletes (28.55˚ ± 7.24˚). A significant difference was observed in mean kyphosis between triathlon athletes and non-athletes (45.86˚ ± 6.68˚ vs. 43.03˚ ± 5.6˚). However, no significant difference was found between triathlon athletes and non-athletes in mean lordosis (32.96˚ ± 5.85˚ vs. 33.76˚ ± 4.16˚). Conclusion: It can be concluded that posing specific postures during the 3 stages of a triathlon increases forward head posture and kyphosis among athletes. Therefore, stretching and strengthening exercises are recommended to prevent athletes from developing these abnormalities. Keywords: Forward head, Kyphosis, Lordosis, Triathlon https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_13836_bbc4cd33ff8bc2cfdff66557dbd84a85.pdf

Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Isfahan Medical School 1027-7595 30 196 2012 08 22 Effects of Buffering and Preparation Time of Topical Anesthetics on Pain of Injection into Oral Mucosa Effects of Buffering and Preparation Time of Topical Anesthetics on Pain of Injection into Oral Mucosa 13838 FA Nasser Kaviani Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery AND Torabinejad Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Mojtaba Rahimi Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-7725-9393 Sayed Morteza Heidari Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Zahra Rahmani Dental Student, School of Dentistry And Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2011 10 29 Background: Many dental patients are afraid of injections. There are different methods for reducing pain during topical anesthetic injections. Some studies have reported buffering lidocaine to reduce injection pain. In this study, the effects of fresh and buffered topical anesthetic on injection pain were evaluated. Methods: In this prospective study, 4 groups of 20 dental treatment candidates were selected. Topical anesthetics for the 1st-4th groups included carpules of lidocaine/epinephrine, carpules of lidocaine/epinephrine/bicarbonate, freshly prepared lidocaine/epinephrine, and freshly prepared lidocaine/epinephrine/ bicarbonate, respectively. The initiation of topical anesthesia and injection pain were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Findings: The highest and lowest mean scores of pain belonged to the carpule group (2.67 ± 0.28) and fresh lidocaine/epinephrine/bicarbonate (0.86 ± 0.37), respectively. While topical anesthesia started 2 minutes after injection in 95% of fresh lidocaine/epinephrine/bicarbonate group, the rate was as low as 50% in carpule group. Conclusion: Adding bicarbonate to carpules of lidocaine/epinephrine and fresh lidocaine/epinephrine is recommended to decrease injection pain and accelerate the onset of effect. Keywords: Bicarbonate, Dentistry, Local anesthesia, Pain Background: Many dental patients are afraid of injections. There are different methods for reducing pain during topical anesthetic injections. Some studies have reported buffering lidocaine to reduce injection pain. In this study, the effects of fresh and buffered topical anesthetic on injection pain were evaluated. Methods: In this prospective study, 4 groups of 20 dental treatment candidates were selected. Topical anesthetics for the 1st-4th groups included carpules of lidocaine/epinephrine, carpules of lidocaine/epinephrine/bicarbonate, freshly prepared lidocaine/epinephrine, and freshly prepared lidocaine/epinephrine/ bicarbonate, respectively. The initiation of topical anesthesia and injection pain were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Findings: The highest and lowest mean scores of pain belonged to the carpule group (2.67 ± 0.28) and fresh lidocaine/epinephrine/bicarbonate (0.86 ± 0.37), respectively. While topical anesthesia started 2 minutes after injection in 95% of fresh lidocaine/epinephrine/bicarbonate group, the rate was as low as 50% in carpule group. Conclusion: Adding bicarbonate to carpules of lidocaine/epinephrine and fresh lidocaine/epinephrine is recommended to decrease injection pain and accelerate the onset of effect. Keywords: Bicarbonate, Dentistry, Local anesthesia, Pain https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_13838_29f81692d9af87c8826aafca8ff5dad3.pdf

Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Isfahan Medical School 1027-7595 30 196 2012 08 22 Evaluation of the Effects of Captopril on Cytotoxicity of Paraquat in G292 Cell Line Evaluation of the Effects of Captopril on Cytotoxicity of Paraquat in G292 Cell Line 13839 FA Somayeh Jafarinejad PhD Student, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud Ghazi-khansari Professor, Department Of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2012 04 14 Background: Paraquat is a kind of herbicide which can cause cell damage by producing active radicals. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of captopril due to its thiol content prevents cell damage caused by active radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of captopril on paraquat toxicity in G292 cell line. Methods: This study included 4 groups of control, different concentrations of paraquat (2.5, 5, and 10 mM), different concentrations of captopril (0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, and 0.5 mM), and combination of paraquat and captopril with different concentrations. The cells were placed in the well of 96-well tissue culture microplates with the density of 50,000 cells in each well. After 24 hours of incubation, toxicity tests were performed. Findings: Captopril increased the viability of cells in methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay but it did not have significant effects on nitric oxide production. It could also significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of paraquat. Conclusion: Although the antioxidant activity of captopril reduced the cytotoxicity of paraquat in G292 cell line, this reduction was not found to be related with nitric oxide production. Keywords: Paraquat, Captopril, Antioxidant Background: Paraquat is a kind of herbicide which can cause cell damage by producing active radicals. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of captopril due to its thiol content prevents cell damage caused by active radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of captopril on paraquat toxicity in G292 cell line. Methods: This study included 4 groups of control, different concentrations of paraquat (2.5, 5, and 10 mM), different concentrations of captopril (0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, and 0.5 mM), and combination of paraquat and captopril with different concentrations. The cells were placed in the well of 96-well tissue culture microplates with the density of 50,000 cells in each well. After 24 hours of incubation, toxicity tests were performed. Findings: Captopril increased the viability of cells in methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay but it did not have significant effects on nitric oxide production. It could also significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of paraquat. Conclusion: Although the antioxidant activity of captopril reduced the cytotoxicity of paraquat in G292 cell line, this reduction was not found to be related with nitric oxide production. Keywords: Paraquat, Captopril, Antioxidant https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_13839_e286a04b20bc52074820789fd5eb78f6.pdf

Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Isfahan Medical School 1027-7595 30 196 2012 08 22 Evaluation of the Effects of Dietary Energy Density on Anthropometric and Glycemic Indices and Lipid Profile in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Evaluation of the Effects of Dietary Energy Density on Anthropometric and Glycemic Indices and Lipid Profile in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 13840 FA Maryam Tabesh Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Esmaillzadeh Associate Professor, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Marjan Tabesh 3 MSc Student, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences And Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2012 07 24 Background: Diabetes is considered as a major metabolic disease with high rates of mortality. This study was performed to assess the effects of low and high energy dense vs diets on anthropometric measures, glycemic index, and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetic women. Methods: In a randomized controlled parallel design clinical trial, a total of 60 diabetic women [age: 30-60 years; body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2] participated. After matching for age, BMI, and menopausal status, subjects were randomly assigned to consume either a low energy dense [charbohydrate: 65% and fat: 25% of total energy], high energy dense (charbohydrate: 55% and fat: 35%), or normal-energy-dense diets (charbohydrate: 60% and fat: 30%) for 8 weeks. Compliance was assessed through a 3-day dietary record during the intervention. Anthropometric measures, plasma glucose and serum insulin, and lipid profiles were evaluated on fasting state at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Findings: Difference in dietary energy density did not result in different changes in weight and BMI between groups. Mean change in weight and BMI were almost -3 kg and 1-1.5 kg/m2 for all groups. Consumption of high energy dense diet resulted in significantly lower serum triglyceride levels compared to low and normal energy dense diets (-41.16 vs. 2.56 and 14.64 mg/dL, P = 0.01). Within-group differences revealed significant effect of low energy dense diet on serum low density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels (-13.25 mg/dL, P = 0.004 and -17.68 mg/dL, P = 0.003 respectively). No overall significant differences in fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin levels were observed between the 3 groups. Conclusion: Consumption of a high energy dense diet might reduce elevated serum triglyceride levels among Iranian women with type 2 diabes. However, adherence to a diet rich in fruits and vegetables might improve serum low density lipoprotein and total-cholesterol levels of these patients. Keywords: Dietary energy density; Anthropometry; Glycemic index; Lipids; Diabetes mellitus Background: Diabetes is considered as a major metabolic disease with high rates of mortality. This study was performed to assess the effects of low and high energy dense vs diets on anthropometric measures, glycemic index, and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetic women. Methods: In a randomized controlled parallel design clinical trial, a total of 60 diabetic women [age: 30-60 years; body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2] participated. After matching for age, BMI, and menopausal status, subjects were randomly assigned to consume either a low energy dense [charbohydrate: 65% and fat: 25% of total energy], high energy dense (charbohydrate: 55% and fat: 35%), or normal-energy-dense diets (charbohydrate: 60% and fat: 30%) for 8 weeks. Compliance was assessed through a 3-day dietary record during the intervention. Anthropometric measures, plasma glucose and serum insulin, and lipid profiles were evaluated on fasting state at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Findings: Difference in dietary energy density did not result in different changes in weight and BMI between groups. Mean change in weight and BMI were almost -3 kg and 1-1.5 kg/m2 for all groups. Consumption of high energy dense diet resulted in significantly lower serum triglyceride levels compared to low and normal energy dense diets (-41.16 vs. 2.56 and 14.64 mg/dL, P = 0.01). Within-group differences revealed significant effect of low energy dense diet on serum low density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels (-13.25 mg/dL, P = 0.004 and -17.68 mg/dL, P = 0.003 respectively). No overall significant differences in fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin levels were observed between the 3 groups. Conclusion: Consumption of a high energy dense diet might reduce elevated serum triglyceride levels among Iranian women with type 2 diabes. However, adherence to a diet rich in fruits and vegetables might improve serum low density lipoprotein and total-cholesterol levels of these patients. Keywords: Dietary energy density; Anthropometry; Glycemic index; Lipids; Diabetes mellitus https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_13840_b1fb3726a5a825732f9a25e210426c4a.pdf

Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Isfahan Medical School 1027-7595 30 196 2012 08 22 Novel Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems Novel Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems 13837 FA Sayyed Hamid Zarkesh Esfahani Associate Professor, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences And Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Nima Shaykh Baygloo PhD Candidate, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Zarrindokht Emami Karvani PhD Candidate, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Samaneh Sedighy Khoydak PhD Candidate, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Anahita Jenab PhD Candidate, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Ali Naghoni PhD Candidate, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2012 06 22 One of the major challenges in the efficiency of vaccines and drugs is suitable delivery to target locations. There are several methods for preparing and delivering vaccines. Live attenuated virus vaccines are one of the oldest and most efficient ways to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. However, they are currently used less due to their genetic instability and the possibility of change to virulent forms. In this review, new approaches to vaccine preparation and delivery systems including use of viral and bacterial vectors, deoxyribonucleic acid vaccines, virus-like particles, virosomes, and vaccines based on filamentous bacteriophage fd and E2 protein of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Geobacillus stearothermophilus are discussed. Furthermore, some new approaches such as use of nanoparticles and aptamers in drug delivery methods are reviewed. The main advantages of new methods include reduced side effects, easy administration, stimulating of innate and specific immune responses, and vaccine or drug delivery to the exact desired locations. Keywords: Viral and bacterial vectors, Drug delivery, Vaccine, Nanoparticle, Aptamer One of the major challenges in the efficiency of vaccines and drugs is suitable delivery to target locations. There are several methods for preparing and delivering vaccines. Live attenuated virus vaccines are one of the oldest and most efficient ways to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. However, they are currently used less due to their genetic instability and the possibility of change to virulent forms. In this review, new approaches to vaccine preparation and delivery systems including use of viral and bacterial vectors, deoxyribonucleic acid vaccines, virus-like particles, virosomes, and vaccines based on filamentous bacteriophage fd and E2 protein of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Geobacillus stearothermophilus are discussed. Furthermore, some new approaches such as use of nanoparticles and aptamers in drug delivery methods are reviewed. The main advantages of new methods include reduced side effects, easy administration, stimulating of innate and specific immune responses, and vaccine or drug delivery to the exact desired locations. Keywords: Viral and bacterial vectors, Drug delivery, Vaccine, Nanoparticle, Aptamer https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_13837_c55c6eea07345c455a100597687a61d2.pdf