Isfahan University of Medical SciencesJournal of Isfahan Medical School1027-75953229720140923IndexIndex14405FAJournal Article20150813Click to download the index of this issue.Click to download the index of this issue.https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_14405_630d790d0716246ca1aa250a6f86f755.pdfIsfahan University of Medical SciencesJournal of Isfahan Medical School1027-75953229720140923Left Ventricular Echocardiographic Variables in Occupational Exposure to LeadLeft Ventricular Echocardiographic Variables in Occupational Exposure to Lead1269127714406FAMasoumehSadeghiAssociate Professor, Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0001-7179-5558LadanTaheriCardiologist, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranJafarGolshahiAssociate Professor, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-3684-2328KatayounRabieiPhD Candidate, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranNizalSarrafzadeganIsfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20140724Background: Lead contamination affects various body organs such as heart. This study was designed to assess the effects of lead on cardiac function in terms of echocardiographic indices among battery factory workers who are in constant exposure to lead.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 142 male battery factory workers who had been exposed to lead for at least 1 year were evaluated. The subjects aged 25-55 years and were excluded if they had hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases. Demographic characteristics, professional profile, lead exposure, history of respiratory diseases, drugs intake, height, weight and blood pressure and lifestyle information of the participants were recorded. Blood lead levels were measured through blood tests. M-mode and doppler echocardiography was finally performed over each subject. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data.Findings: The mean age of the subjects was 41.78 ± 13.58 years and the mean duration of lead exposure was 23.54 ± 14.44 years. The mean blood lead level was 7.59 ± 2.75 µg/dl. Left ventricular hypertrophy was detected in 12% of the participants. Blood lead levels were not significantly related with echocardiographic indices in the crude model or after adjustments for age alone or for age and other risk factors.Conclusion: Blood lead levels of our subjects were below standard values. Accordingly, no significant relation was found between left ventricular function indices and blood lead levels. However, lack of such relations could be caused by exclusion of individuals with hypertension or cardiovascular diseases. Structural modifications in battery factories following legislations in Iran might have been responsible for low blood lead levels among the subjects.Background: Lead contamination affects various body organs such as heart. This study was designed to assess the effects of lead on cardiac function in terms of echocardiographic indices among battery factory workers who are in constant exposure to lead.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 142 male battery factory workers who had been exposed to lead for at least 1 year were evaluated. The subjects aged 25-55 years and were excluded if they had hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases. Demographic characteristics, professional profile, lead exposure, history of respiratory diseases, drugs intake, height, weight and blood pressure and lifestyle information of the participants were recorded. Blood lead levels were measured through blood tests. M-mode and doppler echocardiography was finally performed over each subject. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data.Findings: The mean age of the subjects was 41.78 ± 13.58 years and the mean duration of lead exposure was 23.54 ± 14.44 years. The mean blood lead level was 7.59 ± 2.75 µg/dl. Left ventricular hypertrophy was detected in 12% of the participants. Blood lead levels were not significantly related with echocardiographic indices in the crude model or after adjustments for age alone or for age and other risk factors.Conclusion: Blood lead levels of our subjects were below standard values. Accordingly, no significant relation was found between left ventricular function indices and blood lead levels. However, lack of such relations could be caused by exclusion of individuals with hypertension or cardiovascular diseases. Structural modifications in battery factories following legislations in Iran might have been responsible for low blood lead levels among the subjects.https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_14406_793aaa24e931c05d077f434e33485574.pdfIsfahan University of Medical SciencesJournal of Isfahan Medical School1027-75953229720140923Association of Sociodemographic Characteristic with Factors Related to Cigarette Abstinence in Isfahanian Smokers, IranAssociation of Sociodemographic Characteristic with Factors Related to Cigarette Abstinence in Isfahanian Smokers, Iran1278129014407FARokhsarehMemarAssistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch AND Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-4536-5113MohammadMaracyAssociate Professor, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranAhmadBahonarIsfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranFarshadEtedaliGeneral Practitioner, Health Center Number 2, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-7246-3456GhazalehNozariStudent of Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, IranMarziehDehghani SamaniAssociate Professor, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranRezaRouzbehaniAssistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20140512Background: Previous researches has identified sociodemographic factor as an anticipating for cigarette abstinence. The present study aimed to examine the association of sociodemographic factors including failed cessation, duration of cessation and dependency to nicotine with cigarette abstinence.Methods: This cross-sectional study performed with 673 participants who attended clinic for cessation during 2009-2011. Participants filled some questionnaires about sociodemographic factors including age, marital status, education, income, job and Fagerström questionnaire for nicotine dependency.Findings: Duration of cessation for more than 6 month was related to more cigarette consumption per day also more than 30 cigarette per day. Marital status, lower cigarette per day, more years of consumption and foreigner brand were associated with failed cessation. Lower educational level, more cigarettes per day, more years of consumption, more nicotine concentration, any quit attempt and loss of any entertainment and enjoy in life were related to sever Fagerström condition.Conclusion: More cigarette consumption, older age, lower years of consumption, and moderate dependency to nicotine were related to successful cigarette abstinence.Background: Previous researches has identified sociodemographic factor as an anticipating for cigarette abstinence. The present study aimed to examine the association of sociodemographic factors including failed cessation, duration of cessation and dependency to nicotine with cigarette abstinence.Methods: This cross-sectional study performed with 673 participants who attended clinic for cessation during 2009-2011. Participants filled some questionnaires about sociodemographic factors including age, marital status, education, income, job and Fagerström questionnaire for nicotine dependency.Findings: Duration of cessation for more than 6 month was related to more cigarette consumption per day also more than 30 cigarette per day. Marital status, lower cigarette per day, more years of consumption and foreigner brand were associated with failed cessation. Lower educational level, more cigarettes per day, more years of consumption, more nicotine concentration, any quit attempt and loss of any entertainment and enjoy in life were related to sever Fagerström condition.Conclusion: More cigarette consumption, older age, lower years of consumption, and moderate dependency to nicotine were related to successful cigarette abstinence.https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_14407_76379ed89eafe43c8f6bd64fd09e3852.pdfIsfahan University of Medical SciencesJournal of Isfahan Medical School1027-75953229720140923Investigation of Cadmium Chloride Cytotoxic Effect in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell LineInvestigation of Cadmium Chloride Cytotoxic Effect in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line1291129814408FAAliKhojastehfarMSc Student, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences AND Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranMojtabaPanjehpourAssociate Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranMahmoudAghaeiAssistant Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences AND Bioinformatics Research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20140807Background: Cadmium is a heavy metal widely used in industry and a major environmental pollutant which cytotoxic effects in different cell lines were investigated. MCF-7 cell line is one of breast cancer cell lines which cadmium effects have not been studied on it, so far. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of cadmium chloride in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.Methods: First, the MCF-7 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) medium, at 37◦C in a 5% CO2, 95% air-humidified incubator. Then, the cells were transferred to a 96-well plate with various concentrations of cadmium chloride (0.1-1000 μM) and treated for 48 hours. Percentage of cell viability was measured via MTT assay [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. Also, microscopic studies of cadmium chloride-treated cells apoptosis were performed using Hoechst 33342 fluorescent dye and were observed via fluorescence microscopy.Findings: Increasing cadmium chloride concentration significantly decreased the percentage of living cells compared to the control groups (P < 0.05). The viability reducing started in concentration of 25 μM and reached to its maximum in concentrations of 1000 μM.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that cadmium have cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cell line in concentrations higher than 25 μM. In addition, the study showed that cell death induced mechanism by cadmium is apoptosis.Background: Cadmium is a heavy metal widely used in industry and a major environmental pollutant which cytotoxic effects in different cell lines were investigated. MCF-7 cell line is one of breast cancer cell lines which cadmium effects have not been studied on it, so far. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of cadmium chloride in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.Methods: First, the MCF-7 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) medium, at 37◦C in a 5% CO2, 95% air-humidified incubator. Then, the cells were transferred to a 96-well plate with various concentrations of cadmium chloride (0.1-1000 μM) and treated for 48 hours. Percentage of cell viability was measured via MTT assay [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. Also, microscopic studies of cadmium chloride-treated cells apoptosis were performed using Hoechst 33342 fluorescent dye and were observed via fluorescence microscopy.Findings: Increasing cadmium chloride concentration significantly decreased the percentage of living cells compared to the control groups (P < 0.05). The viability reducing started in concentration of 25 μM and reached to its maximum in concentrations of 1000 μM.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that cadmium have cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cell line in concentrations higher than 25 μM. In addition, the study showed that cell death induced mechanism by cadmium is apoptosis.https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_14408_79bb27cfac1ddee3267dcd929f6703ac.pdfIsfahan University of Medical SciencesJournal of Isfahan Medical School1027-75953229720140923Comparing the Effects of Low Doses of Propofol, Ketamine and Combination of Propofol-Ketamine in Prevention of Post-Extubation Coughing and LaryngospasmComparing the Effects of Low Doses of Propofol, Ketamine and Combination of Propofol-Ketamine in Prevention of Post-Extubation Coughing and Laryngospasm1299130914409FAAzimHonarmandAssociate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Medicine AND Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranMehdiKhazaeiStudent of Medicine, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center AND Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranMohammadrezaSafavi HomamiAssociate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Medicine AND Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-8975-7661Journal Article20140811Background: One of the most common complications in patients awakening from general anesthesia is post-extubation coughing. Laryngospasm, as a complication too, can result in severe outcomes. This study was conducted to compare the effect of small doses of propofol, ketamine and their combination on incidence and severity of post-extubation coughing and laryngospasm.Methods: Patients, who were scheduled to undergo operations under general anesthesia, were randomly divided in 4 groups of 40. Routine anesthesia was performed. Patients received 0.25 mg/kg propofol, 0.25 mg/kg ketamine, 0.25 mg/kg propofol, and 0.25 mg/kg ketamine and 0.1 ml/kg normal saline in propofol, ketamine, propofol-ketamine and control groups, respectively. Drugs were administered before extubation. Coughing and laryngospasm was recorded and graded at previously defined times during emergence from anesthesia.Findings: The incidence of coughing was 23 cases (57.5%) in propofol, 28 cases (70%) in ketamin, 11 cases (27.5%) in propofol-ketamine, and 33 cases (82.5%) in control group. The differences between the propofol-ketamine and other 3 groups and between the propofol and control groups were significant (P < 0.050). But, no significant differences were noted between the propofol and ketamine groups (P = 0.356) and between the ketamine and control groups (P = 0.121). Comparing the incidence of sever coughing (grade 3), the differences between the propofol-ketamine (no patients) and propofol (4 patients) (P = 0.040) and control (7 patients) (P = 0.006) groups were significant. No significant difference was noted between the groups in frequency of laryngospasm (P < 0.050).Conclusion: It could be concluded that the combination of low-dose propofol and ketamine could decrease the incidence and the severity of post-extubation coughing. Propofol could decrease this incidence, too (although less than combination).Background: One of the most common complications in patients awakening from general anesthesia is post-extubation coughing. Laryngospasm, as a complication too, can result in severe outcomes. This study was conducted to compare the effect of small doses of propofol, ketamine and their combination on incidence and severity of post-extubation coughing and laryngospasm.Methods: Patients, who were scheduled to undergo operations under general anesthesia, were randomly divided in 4 groups of 40. Routine anesthesia was performed. Patients received 0.25 mg/kg propofol, 0.25 mg/kg ketamine, 0.25 mg/kg propofol, and 0.25 mg/kg ketamine and 0.1 ml/kg normal saline in propofol, ketamine, propofol-ketamine and control groups, respectively. Drugs were administered before extubation. Coughing and laryngospasm was recorded and graded at previously defined times during emergence from anesthesia.Findings: The incidence of coughing was 23 cases (57.5%) in propofol, 28 cases (70%) in ketamin, 11 cases (27.5%) in propofol-ketamine, and 33 cases (82.5%) in control group. The differences between the propofol-ketamine and other 3 groups and between the propofol and control groups were significant (P < 0.050). But, no significant differences were noted between the propofol and ketamine groups (P = 0.356) and between the ketamine and control groups (P = 0.121). Comparing the incidence of sever coughing (grade 3), the differences between the propofol-ketamine (no patients) and propofol (4 patients) (P = 0.040) and control (7 patients) (P = 0.006) groups were significant. No significant difference was noted between the groups in frequency of laryngospasm (P < 0.050).Conclusion: It could be concluded that the combination of low-dose propofol and ketamine could decrease the incidence and the severity of post-extubation coughing. Propofol could decrease this incidence, too (although less than combination).https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_14409_746206d63610c80c08bdf440226b462a.pdfIsfahan University of Medical SciencesJournal of Isfahan Medical School1027-75953229720140923A Suitably Designed Lip Applicator for Radiation Therapy of Lips CarcinomaA Suitably Designed Lip Applicator for Radiation Therapy of Lips Carcinoma1310131814410FAParvanehShokraniAssociate Professor, Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranMiladBaradaran-GhahfarokhiPhD Student, Medical Students Research Center, Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-0482-3560MaryamKhoramizadehPhD Student, Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ahwaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, IranJournal Article20140626Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel boosting technique in radiation therapy of lip carcinoma using a suitably designed lip applicator, called (in this study) internal dose enhancer tool.Methods: The internal dose enhancer tool was designed with proper thickness of lead for reducing transmission to tissues located beyond the lips. A 0.5 cm thickness of polystyrene was used to cover the lead and reduce the backscattered electron dose, while an opening in the polystyrene layer allowed electrons to reach the target. Monte-Carlo models of 6 and 8 MeV electron beams were developed using BEAMnrc code and were validated against experimental measurements. Using the developed models, dose distributions in a lip phantom were calculated and the effect of an internal dose enhancer tool on target dose enhancement was evaluated.Findings: Using the internal dose enhancer tool, the maximum dose enhancement as a percentage of dose at dmax of the unshielded field were 57.6% and 36.1% for 6 and 8 MeV beams, respectively. The best outcome was achieved for lip thickness of less than 1.5 cm and target thickness of less than 1 cm. For lateral dose coverage of planning target volume (PTV), the 80% isodose curve at the lip-internal dose enhancer tool interface showed a 12 mm expansion, compared to the unshielded field.Conclusion: This study showed that a conformal external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) of lip is possible by using an internal dose enhancer tool. This boosting method is especially applicable to cases in which other treatment modalities, such as brachytherapy, faces limitations.Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel boosting technique in radiation therapy of lip carcinoma using a suitably designed lip applicator, called (in this study) internal dose enhancer tool.Methods: The internal dose enhancer tool was designed with proper thickness of lead for reducing transmission to tissues located beyond the lips. A 0.5 cm thickness of polystyrene was used to cover the lead and reduce the backscattered electron dose, while an opening in the polystyrene layer allowed electrons to reach the target. Monte-Carlo models of 6 and 8 MeV electron beams were developed using BEAMnrc code and were validated against experimental measurements. Using the developed models, dose distributions in a lip phantom were calculated and the effect of an internal dose enhancer tool on target dose enhancement was evaluated.Findings: Using the internal dose enhancer tool, the maximum dose enhancement as a percentage of dose at dmax of the unshielded field were 57.6% and 36.1% for 6 and 8 MeV beams, respectively. The best outcome was achieved for lip thickness of less than 1.5 cm and target thickness of less than 1 cm. For lateral dose coverage of planning target volume (PTV), the 80% isodose curve at the lip-internal dose enhancer tool interface showed a 12 mm expansion, compared to the unshielded field.Conclusion: This study showed that a conformal external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) of lip is possible by using an internal dose enhancer tool. This boosting method is especially applicable to cases in which other treatment modalities, such as brachytherapy, faces limitations.https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_14410_a1d41c14c1d0aa9b9cc1e228d962fe42.pdf