فراتحلیل نقش نوع زایمان بر مشکلات جسمانی نوزاد پس از تولد

نوع مقاله : مقاله های پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 مربی، گروه مامایی، دانشکده‌ی مامایی و پرستاری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده‌ی روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده‌ی روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

4 کارشناس ارشد، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده‌ی روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: در سال‌های اخیر، تحقیقات زیادی در زمینه‌ی عوارض نوزادی مرتبط با نوع زایمان صورت گرفته است و محققان سعی کرده‌اند تا میزان و اهمیت نقش نوع زایمان را در این زمینه مشخص کنند. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی میزان اثرگذاری نوع زایمان بر عوارض نوزادی با استفاده از الگوی پژوهشی فراتحلیل، با یکپارچه کردن نتایج حاصل از انجام تحقیقات مختلف انجام شد.روش‌ها: این مطالعه، یک پژوهش فراتحلیل با استفاده از رویکرد Howitt & Cramer بود. به این منظور، از بین 62 پژوهش تعداد 41 پژوهش که به لحاظ روش‌شناختی مورد تأیید قرار گرفت، انتخاب شد و فراتحلیل بر روی آن‌ها انجام گرفت. ابزار پژوهش، چک لیست فراتحلیل بود. پس از خلاصه کردن نتایج مطالعات، اندازه‌ی اثرها به شیوه‌ی دستی محاسبه و بر اساس رویکرد فراتحلیل ترکیب شده و طبق جدول Cohen مورد تفسیر قرار گرفتند.یافته‌ها: میزان اندازه‌ی اثر کلی زایمان سزارین بر عوارض جسمانی نوزادی 36/0 (001/0 ≥ P) و به طور جداگانه بر مشکلات تنفسی 43/0 (001/0 ≥ P)، تغذیه با شیر مادر 34/0 (001/0 ≥ P)، زردی 29/0 (090/0 ≥ P) و سایر موارد 27/0 (001/0 ≥ P) بود.نتیجه‌گیری: مطابق جدول تفسیر اندازه‌ی اثر Cohen، میزان اندازه‌ی اثر کلی سزارین بر عوارض جسمانی نوزادی در حد متوسط، ارزیابی می‌شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Meta-Analysis of the Role of Delivery Type in Infantile Physical Morbidities

نویسندگان [English]

  • Parvin Bahadoran 1
  • Saiedeh Safari 2
  • Hamidreza Oreizi 3
  • Ayoob Kamali 4
1 Instractor, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2 PhD Student, Department of Psychology, School of Psychologic and Educational Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, School of Psychologic and Educational Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
4 Department of Psychology, School of Psychologic and Educational Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background: In recent years, many studies have been conducted on infantile complications related to delivery type and researchers have tried to determine the amount, importance and role delivery type. This study aimed to use meta-analysis to integrate the different studies and investigate the impact of delivery type on infantile complications.Methods: Using Howitt and Cramer approach, 41 studies of 62, which were acceptable in terms of methodology, were selected and meta-analysis was conducted. Research instrument was a checklist of meta-analysis. After summarizing the results of the studies, effect size was calculated manually and combined based on meta-analysis and interpreted in accordance with Cohen’s table.Findings: The effect size of cesarean delivery was 0.35 on infantile physical complications (P < 0.001), 0.43 on respiratory morbidities (P < 0.001), 0.34 on breastfeeding (P < 0.001), 0.29 on jaundice (P < 0.09), and 0.27 on others (P < 0.001).Conclusion: According to Cohen’s table, the effect size of cesarean delivery on infantile physical morbidities was evaluated as moderate. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Meta-Analysis
  • Natural delivery
  • Cesarean delivery
  • Infantile physical morbidities

مراجع

  1. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY, et al. Williams obstetrics and Gynecology. 23th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2010.
  2. Gregory KD, Jackson S, Korst L, Fridman M. Cesarean versus vaginal delivery: whose risks? Whose benefits? Am J Perinatol 2012; 29(1): 7-18.
  3. Kiani A, Heidari M, Rahnama P, Mohammaditabar Sh. Midwives' attitudes and related factors towards elective cesarean section. Payesh Health Monit 2014; 13(3): 331-8. [In Persian].
  4. Barber EL, Lundsberg LS, Belanger K, Pettker CM, Funai EF, Illuzzi JL. Indications contributing to the increasing cesarean delivery rate. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118(1): 29-38.
  5. Taheri-Kalani F, Mami Sh, Direkvand-Moghadam A, Kaikhavani S, Delpisheh A. Comparison of the effect of delivery type on the quality of life in women attending to health centers of Ilam and Aivan during 2013. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci 2014; 16(2): 90-6. [In Persian].
  6. Karami K, Bakhtiar K, Hasanvand B, Safary Sh, Hasanvand Sh. A comparison of life quality and public health after natural and cesarean delivery in women referred to khorramabad health centers in 2009-2011. Yafteh 2012; 14(4): 59-69. [In Persain].
  7. Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The fertility assessment program family health section. Tehran, Iran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2010. [In Persian].
  8. Geller EJ, Wu JM, Jannelli ML, Nguyen TV, Visco AG. Neonatal outcomes associated with planned vaginal versus planned primary cesarean delivery. J Perinatol 2010; 30(4): 258-64.
  9. Leth RA, Moller JK, Thomsen RW, Uldbjerg N, Norgaard M. Risk of selected postpartum infections after cesarean section compared with vaginal birth: a five-year cohort study of 32,468 women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009; 88(9): 976-83.
  10. Goer H, Romano A, Sakala C. Vaginal or Cesarean birth: what is at stake for women and babies? a best evidence review. New York, NY: children connection; 2012.
  11. Thavagnanam S, Fleming J, Bromley A, Shields MD, Cardwell CR. A meta-analysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38(4): 629-33.
  12. Kealy MA, Small RE, Liamputtong P. Recovery after caesarean birth: a qualitative study of women's accounts in Victoria, Australia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2010; 10: 47.
  13. Prior E, Santhakumaran S, Gale C, Philipps LH, Modi N, Hyde MJ. Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of world literature. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95(5): 1113-35.
  14. Thavagnanam S, Fleming J, Bromley A, Shields MD, Cardwell CR. A meta-analysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38(4): 629-33.
  15. van Brummen HJ, Bruinse HW, van de Pol G, Heintz AP, van der Vaart CH. The effect of vaginal and cesarean delivery on lower urinary tract symptoms: what makes the difference? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2007; 18(2): 133-9.
  16. Smith JF, Hernandez C, Wax JR. Fetal laceration injury at cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90(3): 344-6.
  17. Richardson DK, Corcoran JD, Escobar GJ, Lee SK. SNAP-II and SNAPPE-II: Simplified newborn illness severity and mortality risk scores. J Pediatr 2001; 138(1): 92-100.
  18. Levine EM, Ghai V, Barton JJ, Strom CM. Mode of delivery and risk of respiratory diseases in newborns. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97(3): 439-42.
  19. Esmailpour N, Asgharnia M. Early neonatal injuries in normal vaginal and cesarean deliveries. J Guilan Univ Med Sci 2005; 14(54): 76-84. [In Persian].
  20. Dewey KG, Nommsen-Rivers LA, Heinig MJ, Cohen RJ. Risk factors for suboptimal infant breastfeeding behavior, delayed onset of lactation, and excess neonatal weight loss. Pediatrics 2003; 112(3 Pt 1): 607-19.
  21. Patel RR, Liebling RE, Murphy DJ. Effect of operative delivery in the second stage of labor on breastfeeding success. Birth 2003; 30(4): 255-60.
  22. MacDorman MF, Declercq E, Menacker F, Malloy MH. Neonatal mortality for primary cesarean and vaginal births to low-risk women: application of an "intention-to-treat" model. Birth 2008; 35(1): 3-8.
  23. Werner A, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Jeppesen SK, Thulstrup AM, Olsen J. Caesarean delivery and risk of developing asthma in the offspring. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96(4): 595-6.
  24. Maitra A, Sherriff A, Strachan D, Henderson J. Mode of delivery is not associated with asthma or atopy in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34(9): 1349-55.
  25. Curet LB, Zachman RD, Rao AV, Poole WK, Morrison J, Burkett G. Effect of mode of delivery on incidence of respiratory distress syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1988; 27(2): 165-70.
  26. Talebi Moghadam H. Status of breastfeeding mothers visiting to health centers of Roudbar [MSc Thesis]. Tehran, Iran: Tarbiat Modares University; 1988. [In Persian].
  27. Shahraki M. Status of breastfeeding mothers visiting to health centers of Zabol MSc Thesis]. Tehran, Iran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services; 1990. [In Persian].
  28. Karimi B. Factors effecting on breastfeeding in Semnan [MSc Thesis]. Tehran, Iran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 1990. [In Persian].
  29. Bakaii M. Breastfeeding patterns in women vaginal delivery and cesarean after birth to three months MSc Thesis]. Tehran, Iran: Tarbiat Modares University; 1994. [In Persian].
  30. Ness PM, Baldwin ML, Niebyl JR. Clinical high-risk designation does not predict excess fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156(1): 154-8.
  31. Salim R, Ben-Shlomo I, Nachum Z, Mader R, Shalev E. The incidence of large fetomaternal hemorrhage and the Kleihauer-Betke test. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105(5 Pt 1): 1039-44.
  32. Meidell R, Marinelli P, Pettett G. Perinatal factors associated with early-onset intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants. A prospective study. Am J Dis Child 1985; 139(2): 160-3.
  33. Vaziri Safarkhani SH, Asghari Nejad L. Relationship between rate of cord blood hemoglobin and type of delivery. Proceedings of the annual conference of Iranian Society of Pediatric, Twenty-sixth commemoration of Doctor Gharib. Tehran, Iran: Iranian Organizer of International Associations of Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 2005. p. 1369-70. [In Persian].
  34. Marwaha N, Marwaha RK, Narang A, Thusu K, Garewal G, Bhakoo ON. Routine hematological values in term newborns. Indian Pediatr 1992; 29(9): 1095-9.
  35. Hankins GD, Clark SM, Munn MB. Cesarean section on request at 39 weeks: impact on shoulder dystocia, fetal trauma, neonatal encephalopathy, and intrauterine fetal demise. Semin Perinatol 2006; 30(5): 276-87.
  36. Raijmakers MT, Roes EM, Steegers EA, van der Wildt B, Peters WH. Umbilical glutathione levels are higher after vaginal birth than after cesarean section. J Perinat Med 2003; 31(6): 520-2.
  37. Pence S, Kocoglu H, Balat O, Balat A. The effect of delivery on umbilical arterial cord blood gases and lipid peroxides: comparison of vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2002; 29(3): 212-4.
  38. Farahani H, Oreyzi H. Advanced statistical methods in the humanities, practical approach. Isfahan, Iran: Jahad Daneshgahi Publication; 2005. [In Persian].
  39. Howitt D, Cramer D. Statistics methods in psychology and behavioral sciences. Trans. Pasha-Sharifi H, Najafi-Zand J, Mir-Hashemi m, Sharifi N, Manavipour D. Tehran, Iran: Sokhan Publications; 2012. [In Persian].
  40. Mohammadzadeh I, Babazadeh E, Alizadeh Navaei R. Association between asthma in children and mode of delivery. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2009; 11(2): 39-43. [In Persian].
  41. Boskabadi H, Navaei M. Relationship between delivery type and jaundice severity among Newborns referred to Ghaem hospital within a 6-year period in Mashhad. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2011; 14 (4): 15-21. [In Persian].
  42. Eslamian L, Shajari H, Hajbarpoor R. Frequency of neonatal tachypnea after cesarean section at term. J Tehran Univ Med Sci 2005; 63(12): 984-90. [In Persian].
  43. Pezeshki N, Mani Kashani KH, Azimian MH. Comparision of respiratory morbidity incidence in term newborn by elective cesarean section and emergency cesarean section. J Hamedan Univ Med Sci 2005; 12(2): 28-31. [In Persian].
  44. Aminzadeh F. Relationship between mode of delivery and umbilical cord acidemia in neonates born at Ayatollah Kashani hospital, (Kerman). J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2006; 5(4): 235-40. [In Persian].
  45. Najar SH, Afshari P, Saharkhiz N. Relationship between type of delivery and neonatal respiratory disorders at term in hospital of Ahwaz University Of Medical Sciences. J Ilam Univ Med Sci 2005: 13(3): 56-61. [In Persian].
  46. Hematyar M, Ekhtiari A. Correlation between neonatal cord blood hemoglobin and hematocrit with mode of delivery. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci 2008; 12(3): 21-5. [In Persian].
  47. Zahedpasha Y, Zeinalzadeh M, Taheri T, Baeghi M. Correlation between the mode of delivery with the risk of neonatal respiratory morbidity. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2008; 10(4): 30-6. [In Persian].
  48. Saeedi R, Maemoori G, Ayati S, Rahmani S, Gholami Robatsangi M. Comparison of neonatal complications in newborns by cesarean and vaginal delivery. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2011; 16 (2): 108-13. [In Persian].
  49. Ekhtiari A, Emami P. Comparison of success rates in breastfeeding after vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Med Sci J Islamic Azad Univ Tehran Med Branch 2008; 18 (1): 51-4. [In Persian].
  50. Mosayebi Z, Movahedian A, Khezri M. Frequency and etiology of intracranial hemorrhage in neonates admitted in Kashan hospitals, 1996-2000. Feyz 2002; 6(3): 63-8. [In Persian].
  51. Sakha K, Hoseinian MH, Saiahmeli M, Sadegnia AR. Comparison of creatin phosphokinase changes between newborns delivered by vaginal and cesarean section. Iran J Pediatr 2006; 16(3): 265-70. [In Persian].
  52. Afjeie A, Mohkam M, Kosari K. Determine the level of normal of urinary electrolytes in healthy newborns at Mahdieh hospital in Tehran in 2004. Pejouhandeh 2005; 10(4): 261-4. [In Persian].
  53. Amini E, Ghasemi M, Zamani A. Prevalence and etiology of neonatal conjunctivitis in neonates hospitalized in Imam Khomeini hospital, Tehran. Iran J Pediatr 2006; 16(4): 293-8. [In Persian].
  54. Namakin K, Sharifzadeh Gh. The evaluation of infants mortality causes and its related factors in Birjand. J Isfahan Med Sch 2009; 27(95): 275-82. [In Persian].
  55. Rakhshani F, Ansari Moghadam A, Mohamadi M, Imani M, Mobaraki F, The continuation of breastfeeding and its related factors in children 6-2 years covered by health centers in Zahedan in 2001. Pejouhandeh 2004; 9(42): 349-54. [In Persian].
  56. Ghasemi MM, Shakeri MT, Rezaei S, Dashti A, Talea MR, Ezadpanah L, et al. Incidence of hearing abnormality in neonate hospitalized in neonate intensive care unit. Audiology 2006; 14(2): 37-44. [In Persian].
  57. Khadivzadeh T, Parizadeh MJ. Related factors to the breast feeding cessation in mothers of under one year infants. J Nurs Midwifery Mashhad 2002; 4(11-12): 1-12. [In Persian].
  58. Bagha I, Hoseini MB, Ghoojazadeh M, Amirshahi M. Continuation of breastfeeding and its obstacles on premature infants of mothers referring to Alzahra Medical-Educational Hospital, Tabriz. Nursing and Midwifery Journal 2006; 2(5): 21-8. [In Persian].
  59. Shahnazi M, Azari S. Contributing factors in major malformations in neonatals born in Alzahra medical-educational hospital. Nursing and Midwifery Journal 2010; 5(18): 49-56. [In Persian].
  60. Asgharisana F, Gheibi SH, Bakhshikhaniki GH. Study of the role of common bacterial etiology in infection blood of infants in Arefyan hospital, Urmia. New Cellular Molecular Biotechnology Journal 2011; 1(3): 17-21. [In Persian].
  61. Borna H, Borna S, Rafati SH, Haji Ebrahim Tehrani F. Umbilical cord hematologic variables in different modes of delivery. Tehran Univ Med J 2006; 64(8): 49-56. [In Persian].
  62. Islami Z, Falah R. Evaluation of the apgar score and its related factors in neonates born in hospitals of Yazd J Shaheed Sadoughi Univ Med Sci 2009;16(5): 40-5. [In Persian].
  63. Afshar H, Seraj B, Emadosadati A. An investigation on the relationship between the type of delivery and enamel defects of the first permanent molars. J Dent Tehran Univ Med Sci 2003;16(2): 46-52. [In Persian].
  64. Ordookhani A, Mirmiran P, Najafi-Asadollahi R, Hedayati M, Moharamzadeh M, Olia A, et al. Studying of the effect of the type of section and the use of the iodinated disinfectants materials in childbirth on umbilical cord thyrotropin values and the content of hyper thyrotropynmy in an area with adequate iodine. Iran J Endocrinol Metab 2004; 6(3): 199-206. [In Persian].
  65. Kadkhodayan S, Ayati S, Ravarian M. Comparison of the rate of fetomaternal hemorrhage in normal vaginal and cesarean delivery. J Isfahan Med Sch 2007; 25(86): 79-86. [In Persian].
  66. Parsai S, Nahidi F, Mirzaiifar S, Alavimajd H. The effect of type of delivery on duration of breastfeeding. J Nursing Midwifery 2005; 15(48): 1-13. [In Persian].
  67. Islami Z, Golestan M. Relationship between delivery type and successful breastfeeding. Iranian J Pediatr 2008; 18(1): 47-52. [In Persian].
  68. Khatami F, Mamuri Gh A. Survey of congenital major malformation in 10,000 Newborns. Iranian J Pediatr 2005; 15(4): 315-20. [In Persian].
  69. Sakha K, Hoseinian MH, Saiahmeli M, Sadegnia AR. Comparison of creatin phosphokinase changes between newborns delivered by vaginal and cesarean section. Iranian J Pediatri 2006; 16(3): 265-70. [In Persian].
  70. Farimani M. Examine the relationship between mode of Section and successful breastfeeding. Tehran Univ Med J 2001; 9(1):3 6-45. [In Persian].
  71. Rezaie M, Ghafarian Shirazi HR, Balaghi Einanloo K, Hashemi H. birth injuries and related risk factors in neonates born in Emam Sajjad hospital in Yasuj in 2005 to 2006. Armaghane-danesh 2009; 14(1): 121-9. [In Persian].
  72. Hemmati M, Gheini S. Neonatal mortality rate prevalence in motazedi hospital of Kermanshah (2002-2003). J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci 2006; 10(2): 130-37. [In Persian].
  73. Pourarian Sh, Vafafar A, Zahra Z. The incidence of prematurity in the hospital of Shiraz University of Medisciences and Health Services, 1999. Razi J Med Sci 2002; 9(28): 19-26. [In Persian].
  74. Raafati SH, Borna H, Haj Ebrahim Tehrani F, Jalali Nodoshan MR, Mozafari MH, et al. Neonatal apgar scores and umbilical blood gas changes in vaginal delivery and cesarean:a comparative study. Tehran Univ Med J 2006; 64(4): 61-8. [In Persian].
  75. Imani M, Fakhraei SH, Afjeh SA, Karimi A. Association of maternal and neonatal plasma interleukin-6 levels in relation to model of delivery. J Zahedan Univ of Med Sci 2011; 13(3): 15-9. [In Persian].
  76. Khazaei T. Frequency of convulsion in infants hospitalized in Zahedan pediatric hospital. J Birjand Univ Med Sci 2007; 14(4): 45-52. [In Persian].
  77. Ghafari J, Nazari Z, Ghazgzlu M. Examine the relationship between the type of delivery and duration of breastfeeding with asthma. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2008; 18(65): 87-90. [In Persian].
  78. Madihi Y, Aghanoory M. The relationship among dysfunctional elimination syndrome (DES) and neonatal gestational age, kind of delivery and family living together. J Isfahan Med Sch 2011; 28(123): 1835-41. [In Persian].
  79. Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Westergaard T. Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38(4): 634-42.
  80. Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G, Cinek O, Svensson J, Goldacre MJ, et al. Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetologia 2008; 51(5): 726-35.
  81. Rouhi M, Usefi H, Hasan M, Vizheh M. Ethnicity as a risk factor for postpartum depression. Br J Midwifery 2012: 20(6): 419-26.
  82. Sadat Z, Saberi F, Taebi M, Abedzadeh M. Relationship between women's quality of life and type of delivery. J Gorgan Uni Med Sci 2011; 13(1): 101-8. [In Persian].
  83. Clement S. Psychological aspects of caesarean section. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 15(1): 109-26.
  84. Osis MJ, Padua KS, Duarte GA, Souza TR, Faundes A. The opinion of Brazilian women regarding vaginal labor and cesarean section. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2001; 75(Suppl 1): S59-S66.
  85. McKeever TM, Lewis SA, Smith C, Hubbard R. The importance of prenatal exposures on the development of allergic disease: a birth cohort study using the West Midlands General Practice Database. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166(6): 827-32.
  86. Leung GM, Lam TH, Ho LM. Breast-feeding and its relation to smoking and mode of delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99(5 Pt 1): 785-94.
  87. Nissen E, Uvnas-Moberg K, Svensson K, Stock S, Widstrom AM, Winberg J. Different patterns of oxytocin, prolactin but not cortisol release during breastfeeding in women delivered by caesarean section or by the vaginal route. Early Hum Dev 1996; 45(1-2): 103-18.
  88. Evans KC, Evans RG, Royal R, Esterman AJ, James SL. Effect of caesarean section on breast milk transfer to the normal term newborn over the first week of life. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003; 88(5): F380-F382.
  89. Kalmanti M, Dimitriou H, Karastamatis S, Koumantakis E, Karkavitsas N, Relakis K, et al. Cord blood erythropoietin in the presence and absence of labor in normal infants. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1993; 35(6): 500-3.
  90. Frank R, Finch BK. Los Anos de la Crisis: an examination of change in differential infant mortality risk within Mexico. Soc Sci Med 2004; 59(4): 825-35.
  91. Yassin KM. Indices and sociodemographic determinants of childhood mortality in rural Upper Egypt. Soc Sci Med 2000; 51(2): 185-97.
  92. Lawoyin TO. Risk factors for infant mortality in a rural community in Nigeria. J R Soc Promot Health 2001; 121(2): 114-8.
  93. Al-Hosani HA, Brebner J, Bener AB, Norman JN. Study of mortality risk factors for children under age 5 in Abu Dhabi. East Mediterr Health J 2003; 9(3): 333-43.
  94. Navaei F. Effective factors on frequency of neonatal mortality. J Isfahan Med Sch 1997; 15(47): 28-32 [In Persian].
  95. Fujita T. Risk factors for infant mortality from diseases in Japan 1995-98. Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 2001; 48(6): 449-59. [In Japanese].
مجله دانشکده پزشکی اصفهان
دوره 32، شماره 312 - شماره پیاپی 312
بهمن و اسفند 1393
صفحه 2059-2076

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 17 آبان 1392
  • تاریخ بازنگری:
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 17 فروردین 1401

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار