Examination and Comparison of Cognitive and Executive Functions in Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran

Abstract

Background: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are associated with impaired cognitive and executive functions. Cognitive and executive profile of these two disorders is similar. However, cognitive and executive deficits in these patients may follow different paths. The purpose of the present study is to examination and comparison of different paths of cognitive and executive function in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.Methods: This was a descriptive study on patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders from 2016 to 2017. Thirty-four patients with schizophrenia, 52 patients with bipolar disorder, and 72 healthy individuals participated in the present study. This research was performed in Kargarnejad psychiatric hospital located in Kashan City, Iran. In this study, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Tower of London task, Wisconsin card sorting task, Trial Making Test (TMT), and Four-Choice reaction time test (Four-Choice) were used.Findings: The MANOVA test showed a significant difference between the schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and healthy groups in all scales of cognitive and executive functions. Altogether, performance of patients with schizophrenia in cognitive and executive functions were better than those with bipolar disorder; but schizophrenia and bipolar disorder groups have weaker performance than healthy persons (P < 0.001).Conclusion: This study show that cognitive and executive functions are destructed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders, and they have weaker cognitive and executive functions than healthy controls. Moreover, cognitive and executive functions in patients with bipolar disorder are weaker than patients with schizophrenia, and follow different paths from schizophrenia.

Keywords

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5®). Washington, DC: APA; 2013.
  2. Amitai N, Markou A. Disruption of performance in the five-choice serial reaction time task induced by administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists: Relevance to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68(1): 5-16.
  3. Rajji TK, Miranda D, Mulsant BH. Cognition, function, and disability in patients with schizophrenia: a review of longitudinal studies. Can J Psychiatry 2014; 59(1): 13-7.
  4. Krabbendam L, Arts B, van Os J, Aleman A. Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophr Res 2005; 80(2-3): 137-49.
  5. Dixon T, Kravariti E, Frith C, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Effect of symptoms on executive function in bipolar illness. Psychol Med 2004; 34(5): 811-21.
  6. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2015.
  7. Flanagan DP, Genshaft JL, Harrison PL. Contemporary intellectual assessment: theories, tests, and issues. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2011.
  8. Lin PY, Wang PW, Chen CS, Yen CF. Neurocognitive function in clinically stable individuals with long-term bipolar I disorder: Comparisons with schizophrenia patients and controls. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 33(5): 260-5.
  9. Daban C, Martinez-Aran A, Torrent C, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Balanza-Martinez V, Salazar-Fraile J, et al. Specificity of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia. A systematic review. Psychother Psychosom 2006; 75(2): 72-84.
  10. Stefanopoulou E, Manoharan A, Landau S, Geddes JR, Goodwin G, Frangou S. Cognitive functioning in patients with affective disorders and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009; 21(4): 336-56.
  11. Sharifi V, Assadi SM, Mohammadi MR, Amini H, Kaviani H, Semnani Y, et al. A Persian translation of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: Psychometric properties. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50(1): 86-91.
  12. Meygoni AKM, Ahadi H. Declining the rate of major depression: Effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2012; 35: 230-6.
  13. Yang C, Zhang T, Li Z, Heeramun-Aubeeluck A, Liu N, Huang N, et al. The relationship between facial emotion recognition and executive functions in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and their siblings. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15: 241.
  14. Ebrahimi A, Kheyr Z, Nasiri H, Barnamanesh A. Reliability, validity, factor and discrimination power analysis of young mania rating scale among unipolar, bipolar depression and healthy people. Jundishapur Sci Med J 2017; 16(3): 333-44.
  15. Obermeier M, Schennach-Wolff R, Meyer S, Moller HJ, Riedel M, Krause D, et al. Is the PANSS used correctly? A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11: 113.
  16. von KL, Lindstrom E. The Swedish version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Construct validity and interrater reliability. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 86(6): 463-8.
  17. Ojeda N, Pena J, Sanchez P, Elizagarate E, Ezcurra J. Processing speed mediates the relationship between verbal memory, verbal fluency, and functional outcome in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 101(1-3): 225-33.
  18. Bowie CR, Harvey PD. Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test. Nat Protoc 2006; 1(5): 2277-81.
  19. Deary IJ, Liewald D, Nissan J. A free, easy-to-use, computer-based simple and four-choice reaction time programme: The Deary-Liewald reaction time task. Behav Res Methods 2011; 43(1): 258-68.
  20. McMillan DE. Risk assessment for neurobehavioral toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 1987; 76: 155-61.
  21. Unterrainer JM, Owen AM. Planning and problem solving: from neuropsychology to functional neuroimaging. J Physiol Paris 2006; 99(4-6): 308-17.
  22. Kostering L, Schmidt CS, Egger K, Amtage F, Peter J, Kloppel S, et al. Assessment of planning performance in clinical samples: Reliability and validity of the Tower of London task (TOL-F). Neuropsychologia 2015; 75: 646-55.
  23. Marvel CL, Paradiso S. Cognitive and neurological impairment in mood disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2004; 27(1): 19-36.
  24. Aliloo MM, Hamidi S, Shirvani A. Comparison of executive function and sustained attention in students with obsessive-compulsive, high schizotypal and overlapping symptoms with the normal group. J Res Behave Sci 2011; 9(3): 216-21. [In Persian].
  25. Bhattacharya K. Cognitive function in schizophrenia: A review. J Psychiatry 2015; 18(1):187.
  26. Tsitsipa E, Fountoulakis KN. The neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of data. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2015; 14: 42.
  27. Khodaee M, Nikyar H, Ghorbani M. Comparing executive function and behavioral inhibition in schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder type I and normal groups. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci 2015; 23(8): 747-59. [In Persian].
  28. Lahera G, Ruiz A, Branas A, Vicens M, Orozco A. Reaction time, processing speed and sustained attention in schizophrenia: impact on social functioning. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment 2017; 10(4): 197-205.
  29. Dev SI, Nguyen TT, McKenna BS, Sutherland AN, Bartsch H, Theilmann RJ, et al. Steeper slope of age-related changes in white matter microstructure and processing speed in bipolar disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 25(7): 744-52.
  30. McKenna BS, Theilmann RJ, Sutherland AN, Eyler LT. Fusing functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging measures of brain function and structure to predict working memory and processing speed performance among inter-episode bipolar patients. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21(5): 330-41.
  31. Gale CR, Batty GD, Cooper SA, Deary IJ, Der G, McEwen BS, et al. Reaction time in adolescence, cumulative allostatic load, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adulthood: the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study. Psychosom Med 2015; 77(5): 493-505.
  32. Zepf FD, Wockel L, Poustka F, Holtmann M. Diminished 5-HT functioning in CBCL pediatric bipolar disorder-profiled ADHD patients versus normal ADHD: susceptibility to rapid tryptophan depletion influences reaction time performance. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008; 23(4): 291-9.
  33. Cotrena C, Branco LD, Shansis FM, Fonseca RP. Executive function impairments in depression and bipolar disorder: association with functional impairment and quality of life. J Affect Disord 2016; 190: 744-53.
  34. Leber AB, Turk-Browne NB, Chun MM. Neural predictors of moment-to-moment fluctuations in cognitive flexibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105(36): 13592-7.
  35. Sasabayashi D, Takayanagi Y, Nishiyama S, Takahashi T, Furuichi A, Kido M, et al. Increased frontal gyrification negatively correlates with executive function in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27(4): 2686-94.
  36. Dickinson T, Becerra R, Coombes J. Executive functioning deficits among adults with Bipolar Disorder (types I and II): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2017; 218: 407-27.
  37. Siegle GJ, Granholm E, Ingram RE, Matt GE. Pupillary and reaction time measures of sustained processing of negative information in depression. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49(7): 624-36.
  38. Egeland J, Rund BR, Sundet K, Landro NI, Asbjornsen A, Lund A, et al. Attention profile in schizophrenia compared with depression: Differential effects of processing speed, selective attention and vigilance. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003; 108(4): 276-84.
  39. Tsourtos G, Thompson JC, Stough C. Evidence of an early information processing speed deficit in unipolar major depression. Psychol Med 2002; 32(2): 259-65.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 37, Issue 520 - Serial Number 520
January and February 2019
Pages 270-277

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 15 December 2018
  • Revise Date: 01 November 2024
  • Accept Date: 06 April 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics