Retinal Cell Regeneration by Stem Cells

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable disease AND Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable disease AND Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

A number of different cellular sources of neural stem cells have been identified. These sources include stem cells at the retinal margin, pigmented cells in the ciliary body and iris, non-pigmented cells in the ciliary body and Müller glia within the retina and also embryo and adult neural stem cells (NSCs). In the present review, we discuss the combinations of growth factors that are capable of stimulating the proliferation and making of neurons from stem cells, neural progenitors, non-neural epithelial cells, and postmitotic support cells.

Keywords

References

  1. Jager RD, Mieler WF, Miller JW. Age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2606-17.
  2. Lamba D, Karl M, Reh T. Neural regeneration and cell replacement: a view from the eye. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 2(6): 538-49.
  3. Strauss O. The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiol Rev 2005; 85(3): 845-81.
  4. Ehrlich R, Harris A, Kheradiya NS, Winston DM, Ciulla TA, Wirostko B. Age-related macular degeneration and the aging eye. Clin Interv Aging 2008; 3(3): 473-82.
  5. Mathews JP, Mathews D, Kelly SP. Age-related macular degeneration. Continuing Professional Development 2003: 28-38.
  6. Cook HL, Patel PJ, Tufail A. Age-related macular degeneration: diagnosis and management. Br Med Bull 2008; 85: 127-49.
  7. Hamel C. Retinitis pigmentosa. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006; 1: 40.
  8. Phelan JK, Bok D. A brief review of retinitis pigmentosa and the identified retinitis pigmentosa genes. Mol Vis 2000; 6: 116-24.
  9. Gurney P. Is Our "Inverted" Retina Really "Bad Design?" Journal of Creation 1999; 13(1): 37-44.
  10. Baraboi VA. [Melanin: structure, biosynthesis, biological functions]. Ukr Biokhim ZH (1999) 1999; 71(4): 5-14.
  11. Vingerling JR, Dielemans I, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, Hijmering M, Kramer CF, et al. The prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology 1995; 102(2): 205-10.
  12. Leibowitz HM, Krueger DE, Maunder LR, Milton RC, Kini MM, Kahn HA, et al. The Framingham Eye Study monograph: An ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973-1975. Surv Ophthalmol 1980; 24(Suppl): 335-610.
  13. Bressler NM. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: two-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials-tap report 2. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119(2): 198-207.
  14. Friberg TR. Laser photocoagulation of eyes with drusen: will it help? Semin Ophthalmol 1999; 14(1): 45-50.
  15. Boulton M, Albon J. Stem cells in the eye. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36(4): 643-57.
  16. Passier R, Mummery C. Origin and use of embryonic and adult stem cells in differentiation and tissue repair. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 58(2): 324-35.
  17. Bi YY, Feng DF, Pan DC. Stem/progenitor cells: a potential source of retina-specific cells for retinal repair. Neurosci Res 2009; 65(3): 215-21.
  18. Zhao X, Liu J, Ahmad I. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into retinal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297(2): 177-84.
  19. Reh TA, Levine EM. Multipotential stem cells and progenitors in the vertebrate retina. J Neurobiol 1998; 36(2): 206-20.
  20. Torquetti L, Castanheira P, de Goes AM, Marcio N. Stem cells: potential source for retinal repair and regeneration. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2007; 70(2): 371-5.
  21. Raymond PA, Barthel LK, Bernardos RL, Perkowski JJ. Molecular characterization of retinal stem cells and their niches in adult zebrafish. BMC Dev Biol 2006; 6: 36.
  22. Klassen HJ, Ng TF, Kurimoto Y, Kirov I, Shatos M, Coffey P, et al. Multipotent retinal progenitors express developmental markers, differentiate into retinal neurons, and preserve light-mediated behavior. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45(11): 4167-73.
  23. Thumann G, Hueber A, Dinslage S, Schaefer F, Yasukawa T, Kirchhof B, et al. Characteristics of iris and retinal pigment epithelial cells cultured on collagen type I membranes. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31(3): 241-9.
  24. Chiou SH, Kao CL, Peng CH, Chen SJ, Tarng YW, Ku HH, et al. A novel in vitro retinal differentiation model by co-culturing adult human bone marrow stem cells with retinal pigmented epithelium cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 326(3): 578-85.
  25. Castanheira P, Torquetti L, Nehemy MB, Goes AM. Retinal incorporation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells intravitreally injected in the injured retina of rats. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2008; 71(5): 644-50.
  26. Kucia M, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ. Are bone marrow stem cells plastic or heterogenous--that is the question. Exp Hematol 2005; 33(6): 613-23.
  27. Aoki H, Hara A, Nakagawa S, Motohashi T, Hirano M, Takahashi Y, et al. Embryonic stem cells that differentiate into RPE cell precursors in vitro develop into RPE cell monolayers in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82(2): 265-74.
  28. Hara A, Niwa M, Kunisada T, Yoshimura N, Katayama M, Kozawa O, et al. Embryonic stem cells are capable of generating a neuronal network in the adult mouse retina. Brain Res 2004; 999(2): 216-21.
  29. Vugler A, Lawrence J, Walsh J, Carr A, Gias C, Semo M, et al. Embryonic stem cells and retinal repair. Mech Dev 2007; 124(11-12): 807-29.
  30. Lamba DA, Karl MO, Ware CB, Reh TA. Efficient generation of retinal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103(34): 12769-74.
  31. Fischer AJ. Neural regeneration in the chick retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005; 24(2): 161-82.
  32. Perron M, Harris WA. Retinal stem cells in vertebrates. Bioessays 2000; 22(8): 685-8.
  33. Liang L, Yan RT, Ma W, Zhang H, Wang SZ. Exploring RPE as a source of photoreceptors: differentiation and integration of transdifferentiating cells grafted into embryonic chick eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47(11): 5066-74.
  34. Mao W, Yan RT, Wang SZ. Reprogramming chick RPE progeny cells to differentiate towards retinal neurons by ash1. Mol Vis 2008; 14: 2309-20.
  35. Burke JM, Hjelmeland LM. Mosaicism of the retinal pigment epithelium: seeing the small picture. Mol Interv 2005; 5(4): 241-9.
  36. Amemiya K, Haruta M, Takahashi M, Kosaka M, Eguchi G. Adult human retinal pigment epithelial cells capable of differentiating into neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316(1): 1-5.
  37. Akrami H, Soheili ZS, Khalooghi K, Ahmadieh H, Rezaie-Kanavi M, Samiei S, et al. Retinal pigment epithelium culture; a potential source of retinal stem cells. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2009; 4(3): 134-41.
  38. Limb GA, Daniels JT. Ocular regeneration by stem cells: present status and future prospects. Br Med Bull 2008; 85: 47-61.
  39. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Stem cell marker [Online]. [cited 2014 Aug 17]; Available from: URL:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_marker
  40. Rege TA, Hagood JS. Thy-1 as a regulator of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in axon regeneration, apoptosis, adhesion, migration, cancer, and fibrosis. FASEB J 2006; 20(8): 1045-54.
  41. Fischer AJ, Reh TA. Growth factors induce neurogenesis in the ciliary body. Dev Biol 2003; 259(2): 225-40.
  42. Ahmad I, Tang L, Pham H. Identification of neural progenitors in the adult mammalian eye. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 270(2): 517-21.
  43. Nickerson PE, Emsley JG, Myers T, Clarke DB. Proliferation and expression of progenitor and mature retinal phenotypes in the adult mammalian ciliary body after retinal ganglion cell injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48(11): 5266-75.
  44. Moe MC, Kolberg RS, Sandberg C, Vik-Mo E, Olstorn H, Varghese M, et al. A comparison of epithelial and neural properties in progenitor cells derived from the adult human ciliary body and brain. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88(1): 30-8.
  45. Abdouh M, Bernier G. In vivo reactivation of a quiescent cell population located in the ocular ciliary body of adult mammals. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83(1): 153-64.
  46. Chacko DM, Das AV, Zhao X, James J, Bhattacharya S, Ahmad I. Transplantation of ocular stem cells: the role of injury in incorporation and differentiation of grafted cells in the retina. Vision Res 2003; 43(8): 937-46.
  47. Fischer AJ, Reh TA. Müller glia are a potential source of neural regeneration in the postnatal chicken retina. Nature Neuroscience 2001; 4: 247-52.
  48. Ooto S, Akagi T, Kageyama R, Akita J, Mandai M, Honda Y, et al. Potential for neural regeneration after neurotoxic injury in the adult mammalian retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101(37): 13654-9.
  49. Fischer AJ, McGuire CR, Dierks BD, Reh TA. Insulin and fibroblast growth factor 2 activate a neurogenic program in Muller glia of the chicken retina. J Neurosci 2002; 22(21): 9387-98.
  50. Haruta M, Kosaka M, Kanegae Y, Saito I, Inoue T, Kageyama R, et al. Induction of photoreceptor-specific phenotypes in adult mammalian iris tissue. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4(12): 1163-4.
  51. Asami M, Sun G, Yamaguchi M, Kosaka M. Multipotent cells from mammalian iris pigment epithelium. Developmental Biology 2007; 304(1): 433-46.
  52. Sun G, Asami M, Ohta H, Kosaka J, Kosaka M. Retinal stem/progenitor properties of iris pigment epithelial cells. Dev Biol 2006; 289(1): 243-52.
  53. Susaki K, Chiba C. MEK mediates in vitro neural transdifferentiation of the adult newt retinal pigment epithelium cells: Is FGF2 an induction factor? Pigment Cell Res 2007; 20(5): 364-79.
  54. Pittack C, Jones M, Reh TA. Basic fibroblast growth factor induces retinal pigment epithelium to generate neural retina in vitro. Development 1991; 113(2): 577-88.
  55. Zhao S, Thornquist SC, Barnstable CJ. In vitro transdifferentiation of embryonic rat retinal pigment epithelium to neural retina. Brain Res 1995; 677(2): 300-10.
  56. Yan RT, Wang SZ. Neuro D induces photoreceptor cell overproduction in vivo and de novo generation in vitro. J Neurobiol 1998; 36(4): 485-96.
  57. Fischer AJ, Reh TA. Identification of a proliferating marginal zone of retinal progenitors in postnatal chickens. Dev Biol 2000; 220(2): 197-210.
  58. Yang P, Seiler MJ, Aramant RB, Whittemore SR. Differential lineage restriction of rat retinal progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2002; 69(4): 466-76.
  59. Chacko DM, Rogers JA, Turner JE, Ahmad I. Survival and differentiation of cultured retinal progenitors transplanted in the subretinal space of the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268(3): 842-6.
  60. Coles BL, Angenieux B, Inoue T, Del Rio-Tsonis K, Spence JR, McInnes RR, et al. Facile isolation and the characterization of human retinal stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101(44): 15772-7.
  61. Meyer JS, Katz ML, Maruniak JA, Kirk MD. Embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors incorporate into degenerating retina and enhance survival of host photoreceptors. Stem Cells 2006; 24(2): 274-83.
  62. Haruta M, Sasai Y, Kawasaki H, Amemiya K, Ooto S, Kitada M, et al. In vitro and in vivo characterization of pigment epithelial cells differentiated from primate embryonic stem cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45(3): 1020-5.
  63. Aoki H, Hara A, Niwa M, Yamada Y, Kunisada T. In vitro and in vivo differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into retina-like organs and comparison with that from mouse pluripotent epiblast stem cells. Dev Dyn 2009; 238(9): 2266-79.
  64. Kicic A, Shen WY, Wilson AS, Constable IJ, Robertson T, Rakoczy PE. Differentiation of marrow stromal cells into photoreceptors in the rat eye. J Neurosci 2003; 23(21): 7742-9.
  65. Tomita M, Adachi Y, Yamada H, Takahashi K, Kiuchi K, Oyaizu H, et al. Bone marrow-derived stem cells can differentiate into retinal cells in injured rat retina. Stem Cells 2002; 20(4): 279-83.
  66. Harris JR, Brown GA, Jorgensen M, Kaushal S, Ellis EA, Grant MB, et al. Bone marrow-derived cells home to and regenerate retinal pigment epithelium after injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47(5): 2108-13.
  67. Guo Y, Saloupis P, Shaw SJ, Rickman DW. Engraftment of adult neural progenitor cells transplanted to rat retina injured by transient ischemia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44(7): 3194-201.
  68. Takahashi M, Palmer TD, Takahashi J, Gage FH. Widespread integration and survival of adult-derived neural progenitor cells in the developing optic retina. Mol Cell Neurosci 1998; 12(6): 340-8.
  69. Nishida A, Takahashi M, Tanihara H, Nakano I, Takahashi JB, Mizoguchi A, et al. Incorporation and differentiation of hippocampus-derived neural stem cells transplanted in injured adult rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41(13): 4268-74.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 33, Issue 321 - Serial Number 321
January and February 2015
Pages 54-69

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 27 June 2014
  • Revise Date: 01 November 2024
  • Accept Date: 06 April 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics