Remote Heart Rate Estimation Based on Deep Learning

Document Type : Original Article(s)

Authors

1 PhD, Signal Processing Group, Research Center for Development of Advanced Technologies, Tehran, Iran

2 MSc, Signal Processing Group, Research Center for Development of Advanced Technologies, Tehran, Iran

10.48305/jims.v43.i836.1383

Abstract

Background: Using remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) technology, monitoring heart rate (HR) has become possible without physical contact. Over the past decades, methods have been developed to estimate rPPG signals and heart rates using video frames. Recently, deep learning techniques have also been applied in this field, showing promising performance.
Methods: In this study, a deep neural network (MTTS-CAN) along with a face detection algorithm (MediaPipe) was used to estimate heart rate remotely from videos of individuals in a public dataset (PURE) and a local dataset (Stroop).
Findings: The implementation results on the PURE dataset are comparable to those published in articles (MAE: 7.72 bpm). Moreover, the results on the local dataset are also acceptable (MAE: 5.53 bpm).
Conclusion: This paper presents an acceptable accuracy for non-contact heart rate estimation. Additionally, the results indicate that the proposed method is not dependent on a specific dataset and has produced satisfactory results in a local dataset compared to the benchmark dataset.

Highlights

Sara Pourmohammadi: PubMed, Google Scholar

Kian Shahi: Google Scholar

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Leonhardt S, Leicht L, Teichmann D. Unobtrusive vital sign monitoring in automotive environments—a review. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18(9): 3080.
  2. Lorato I, Stuijk S, Meftah M, Kommers D, Andriessen P, van Pul C, et al. Multi-camera infrared thermography for infant respiration monitoring. Biomed Opt Express 2020; 11(9): 4848-61.
  3. Chan P, Wong G, Dinh Nguyen T, Nguyen T, McNeil J, Hopper I. Estimation of respiratory rate using infrared video in an inpatient population: an observational study. J Clin Monit Comput 2020; 34(6): 1275–84.
  4. Spicher N, Kukuk M, Maderwald S, Ladd ME. Initial evaluation of prospective cardiac triggering using photoplethysmography signals recorded with a video camera compared to pulse oximetry and electrocardiography at 7T MRI. BioMed Eng OnLine 2016; 15(1): 126.
  5. Wang J, Spicher N, Warnecke JM, Haghi M, Schwartze J, Deserno TM. Unobtrusive health monitoring in private spaces: the smart home. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21(3): 864.
  6. Wang J, Warnecke J, Haghi M, Deserno T. Unobtrusive health monitoring in private spaces: the smart vehicle. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20(9): 2442.
  7. Selvaraju V, Spicher N, Wang J, Ganapathy N, Warnecke JM, Leonhardt S, et al. Continuous monitoring of vital signs using cameras: a systematic review. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22(11): 4097.
  8. Hirzi MF, Efendi S, Sembiring RW. Literature study of face recognition using the viola-jones algorithm. in: 2021 international conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics Systems (AIMS) Bandung, Indonesia: IEEE; 2021 [cited 2024 Mar 28]. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9466010/
  9. Liu X, Fromm J, Patel S, McDuff D. Multi-Task Temporal Shift Attention Networks for On-Device Contactless Vitals Measurement.
  10. Shahi K, kaveh R,Saeedi M, Godarzi MM, Babaee N, Rezaee M, Gholi pour Hasan, Azizi A, Pejman H. Multimodal data (physiological signals and Thermal images) from individual to provide a continous index of different levels of mental arousal. Proceedings of the 26th Nathonal Conference and 4th International Conference on Biomedical Enginnering of Tehran, Iran. 2019.[in Persian]
  11. Gudi A, Bittner M, Van Gemert J. Real-time webcam heart-rate and variability estimation with clean ground truth for evaluation. Appl Sci 2020; 10(23): 8630.
  12. de Haan G, Jeanne V. Robust pulse rate from chrominancebased rppg. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2013; 60(10): 2878–86.
  13. Špetlík R, Vojtech F, Jirí M. Visual heart rate estimation with convolutional neural network. Proceedings of the British machine Vision Conference, Newcastle, UK, 2018. p. 3-6.

Deniz Cyli N. rPPG based heart rate estimation using deep learning [Thesis]. Istanbul: Marmara University; 2021.