Comparison of the Effect of Resistance-Endurance Training on the Number of Osteocyte, Osteoblast, and Osteoclast Cells in Femur Bone Tissue in Adult, Child, and Elderly Male Rats

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

1 PhD Candidate of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Background: Although exercise is known as an effective factor in maintaining and improving bone strength; it is not clear that its effects on bone-forming and bone-eating cells of different age groups are the same. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance-endurance training on the number of osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast cells in femur bone tissue in male rats of different ages.
Methods: In the present study, 30 male Wistar rats in three age groups of 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 96 weeks were randomly divided into 2 groups of 5 each, training and control. Resistance-endurance exercises were performed for 6 training sessions per week for 6 weeks. Rats were sacrificed under carbon dioxide gas. H&E staining was used for tissue microscopic examination.
Findings: The results of one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test showed that higher amounts of osteoblast and osteocyte cells and lower amounts of osteoclast cells in trained rats of all three age groups were significant compared to their control group. The comparison of exercise groups showed that the number of osteoblasts in the child and adult groups, the number of osteocytes in the adult group, and the number of osteoclasts in the adult and elderly groups were higher.
Conclusion: The results showed that resistance-endurance training led to an increase in bone-forming cells and a decrease in bone-eating cells. However, the effects of exercise on bone formation in younger age groups were more than in old age. Nevertheless, the prevention of exercise from the process of bone loss in older age, especially old age, was evident.

Highlights

Mahshid Shiri: Google Scholar

Mohammad Reza Fadaei Chafy: Google Scholar

Shahram Gholamrezaei: Google Scholar

Keywords

References

  1. Ikedo A, Kido K, Ato S, Sato K, Lee JW, Fujita S,
    et al. The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density and bone quality in type 2 diabetic rats. Physiol Rep 2019; 7(6): e14046.
  2. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 2001; 285(6): 785-95.
  3. Posch M, Schranz A, Lener M, Tecklenburg K, Burtscher M, Ruedl G, et al. Effectiveness of a mini-trampoline training program on balance and functional mobility, gait performance, strength, fear of falling and bone mineral density in older women with osteopenia. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14: 2281-93.
  4. Angın E, Erden Z, Can F. The effects of clinical pilates exercises on bone mineral density, physical performance and quality of life of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2015; 28(4): 849-58.
  5. Troy KL, Mancuso ME, Butler TA, Johnson JE. Exercise early and often: effects of physical activity and exercise on women’s bone health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15(5): 878.
  6. Zoch ML, Clemens TL, Riddle RC. New insights into the biology of osteocalcin. Bone 2016; 82: 42-9.
  7. Zhang S, Huang X, Zhao X, Li B, Cai Y, Liang X, et al. Effect of exercise on bone mineral density among patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia: A systematic review and network meta‐ J Clin Nurs 2022; 31(15-16): 2100-11.
  8. Park H, Kim KJ, Komatsu T, Park SK, Mutoh Y. Effect of combined exercise training on bone, body balance, and gait ability: a randomized controlled study in community-dwelling elderly women. J Bone Miner Metab 2008; 26(3): 254-9.
  9. Lin LL, Hsieh SS. Effects of strength and endurance exercise on calcium-regulating hormones between different levels of physical activity. J Mech Med Biol 2005. 5(2): 267-75.
  10. Yokota H, Leong DJ, Sun HB. Mechanical loading: bone remodeling and cartilage maintenance. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2011; 9(4): 237-42.
  11. Gomez-Bruton A, Montero-Marín J, González-Agüero A, Gómez-Cabello A, García-Campayo J, Moreno LA, et al. Swimming and peak bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    J Sports Sci 2018; 36(4): 365-77.
  12. Zinner C, Baessler B, Weiss K, Ruf J, Michels G, Holmberg HC, et al. Effect of resistance training with vibration and compression on the formation of muscle and bone. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56(6): 1137-42.
  13. Rahimian, M. and P. Hejazi, Female Athletes Bone Mineral Density Measurement. 2003.
  14. Singulani MP, Stringhetta-Garcia CT, Santos LF, Morais SRL, Louzada MJQ, Oliveira SHP, et al. Effects of strength training on osteogenic differentiation and bone strength in aging female Wistar rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7(1): 42878.
  15. Swift JM, Nilsson MI, Hogan HA, Sumner LR, Bloomfield SA. Simulated resistance training during hindlimb unloading abolishes disuse bone loss and maintains muscle strength. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25(3): 564-74.
  16. Tan VP, Macdonald HM, Kim SJ, Nettlefold L,
    Gabel L, Ashe MC, et al. Influence of physical activity on bone strength in children and adolescents: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29(10): 2161-81.
  17. Payandeh N, Peeri M, Azarbayjani MA, Hosseini SA. The effect of resistance training and date pollen extract on bone tissue density and osteoblast cell proliferation in young male rats [in Persian]. Razi J Med Sci 2022; 29(2): 77-90.
  18. Aikawa Y, Yamashita T, Nakai N, Higashida K. Low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, and running exercise influence bone parameters in old mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132(5): 1204-12.
  19. Ahmadi Kakavandi M, Alikhani S, Azizbeigi K. The effect of body pump training on bone mineral density and balance in postmenopausal women. Iran J Health Educ Health Promot 2019; 7(3): 316-27.
  20. Mosti MP, Kaehler N, Stunes AK, Hoff J, Syversen U. Maximal strength training in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27(10): 2879-86.
  21. Pereira A, Costa AM, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Soares J, Monteiro M, Williams JHH. The effects of combined training on bone metabolic markers in postmenopausal women. Science & Sports, 2016; 31(3): 152-7.
  22. Woolf AD, Pfleger B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81(9): 646-56.
  23. Honda A, Sogo N, Nagasawa S, Shimizu T, Umemura Y. High-impact exercise strengthens bone in osteopenic ovariectomized rats with the same outcome as Sham rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95(3): 1032-7.
  24. Kim HJ, So B, Choi M, Kang D, Song W. Resistance exercise training increases the expression of irisin concomitant with improvement of muscle function in aging mice and humans. Exp Gerontol 2015; 70: 11-7.
  25. Fadaei Chafy MR, Bagherpour Tabalvandani MM, Elmieh A, Arabzadeh E. Determining the range of aerobic exercise on a treadmill for male Wistar rats at different ages: A pilot study. J Exerc Organ Cross Talk 2022; 2(3): 96-100.
  26. Soves CP, Miller JD, Begun DL, Taichman RS, Hankenson KD, Goldstein SA. Megakaryocytes are mechanically responsive and influence osteoblast
    proliferation and differentiation. Bone 2014; 66: 111-20.
  27. Going SB, Farr JN. Exercise and bone macro-architecture: is childhood a window of opportunity for osteoporosis prevention? Int J Body Compos Res 2010; 8: 1-9.
  28. Turner CH, Takano Y, Owan I. Aging changes mechanical loading thresholds for bone formation in rats. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10(10): 1544-9.
  29. Banparvari M, Kaka G. Effects of endurance and resistance exercises on bone mineral density and mechanical strength of osteoporotic male rats [in Persian]. J Birjand Univ Med Sci 2015; 22(4): 327-39.
  30. Vincent KR, Braith RW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2002; 34(1): 17-23.
  31. Zargar T, Banaeifar A, Arshadi S, Eslami R. Effect of a three-month aerobic exercise on markers of bone metabolism in obese men. Ebnesina 2016; 18(2): 32-9.
  32. Turner PR, Mefford S, Christakos S, Nissenson RA. Apoptosis mediated by activation of the G protein-coupled receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein (PTHrP). Mol Endocrinol 2000; 14(2): 241-54.
  33. Askari A, Askari B, Fallah Z, Samavati MA. Comparing the biological markers of bone metabolism in female athletes engaged in weight bearing sports, and nonathletes [in Persian]. IJHPA 2013; 4(2): 31-6.
  34. Poole KES, Reeve J. Parathyroid hormone - a bone anabolic and catabolic agent. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005; 5(6): 612-7.
  35. Li J, Gu Q, Li R, Wang R, Cai Y, Huang Y, et al. Effect of Yi Jin Jing exercise plus elastic band resistance exercise on overall bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26(2): 87-92.
  36. Kerr D, Ackland T, Maslen B, Morton A, Prince R. Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium‐replete postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16(1): 175-81.
  37. Kurgan N, Skelly LE, Ludwa IA, Klentrou P, Josse AR. Twelve weeks of a diet and exercise intervention alters the acute bone response to exercise in adolescent females with overweight/obesity. Front Physiol 2023; 13: 1049604.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 41, Issue 734
2nd Week, November
November and December 2023
Pages 764-772

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 04 May 2023
  • Accept Date: 24 October 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics