Paraprobiotics: A Solution to Leave Problems of the Production and Consumption of Probiotics

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Probiotics are one of the innovative, effective and accepted ways to mitigate acuteness, and to help cure some diseases at the present era. However, there are some limitations in manufacturing and using live bacteria. Paraprobiotics are of the new methods that can handle these problems at the large scale. They are defined as non-viable form of probiotics that can be utilized as intact or broken cells, and also as cell extract. Treatment of some diseases in human and animals has been demonstrated in case of using edible of topical application of paraprobiotics. In this review, after introducing paraprobiotics and their production techniques, their effects on human health is presented based on researches conducted during the past two decades, especially recent studies.

Keywords

References

  1. de Almada CN, Almada CN, Martinez RCR, Sant'Ana AS. Paraprobiotics: Evidences on their ability to modify biological responses, inactivation methods and perspectives on their application in foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016; 58: 96-114.
  2. Rabbani Khorasgani M, Mansouri Tehrani H. Overview of recombinant probiotics. Genetics in the 3rd Millennium 2013; 11(4): 3326-37. [In Persian].
  3. Shokri D, Khorasgani MR, Mohkam M, Fatemi SM, Ghasemi Y, Taheri-Kafrani A. The inhibition effect of lactobacilli against growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 10(1): 34-42.
  4. Golnari Maranni M, Rabbani Khourasgani M, Asadollahi M A, Shafiei R. Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity of bacillus strains isolated from various resources. J Arak Univ Med Sci 2017; 19(11): 68-78. [In Persian].
  5. Ahmadi Majd S, Khorasgani M, Emami SH, Talebi A, Mohammadi Gholami A. Study of diabetic cutaneous wound healing in rats treated with Lactobacillus casei and its exopolysaccharide. Int J Adv Biotechnol Res 2016; 7(3): 2083-92.
  6. Taverniti V, Guglielmetti S. The immunomodulatory properties of probiotic microorganisms beyond their viability (ghost probiotics: proposal of paraprobiotic concept). Genes Nutr 2011; 6(3): 261-74.
  7. Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Diaz J, Munoz-Quezada S, Gomez-Llorente C, Gil A. Probiotic mechanisms of action. Ann Nutr Metab 2012; 61(2): 160-74.
  8. Bienenstock J, Gibson G, Klaenhammer TR, Walker WA, Neish AS. New insights into probiotic mechanisms: a harvest from functional and metagenomic studies. Gut Microbes 2013; 4(2): 94-100.
  9. Rabbani Khorasgani M, Shafiei R. Traditional yogurt as a source of lactobacilli and other lactic acid bacteria in Iran. In: Shah NP, editor. Yogurt in health and disease prevention. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2017. p. 285-94.
  10. Shigwedha N, Sichel L, Jia L, Zhang L. Probiotical cell fragments (PCFs) as "Novel Nutraceutical Ingredients". J Biosci Med 2014; 2(3): 43-55.
  11. Taverniti V, Stuknyte M, Minuzzo M, Arioli S, De Noni I, Scabiosi C, et al. S-layer protein mediates the stimulatory effect of Lactobacillus helveticus MIMLh5 on innate immunity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79(4): 1221-31.
  12. Sartor RB. Review article: the potential mechanisms of action of rifaximin in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43(Suppl 1): 27-36.
  13. Doern CD, Nguyen ST, Afolabi F, Burnham CA. Probiotic-associated aspiration pneumonia due to Lactobacillus rhamnosus. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52(8): 3124-6.
  14. Sadowska-Krawczenko I, Paprzycka M, Korbal P, Wiatrzyk A, Krysztopa-Grzybowska K, Polak M, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG suspected infection in a newborn with intrauterine growth restriction. Benef Microbes 2014; 5(4): 397-402.
  15. Oggioni MR, Pozzi G, Valensin PE, Galieni P, Bigazzi C. Recurrent septicemia in an immunocompromised patient due to probiotic strains of Bacillus subtilis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36(1): 325-6.
  16. Resnik R. Intrauterine growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99(3): 490-6.
  17. Ogier JC, Serror P. Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: The Enterococcus genus. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 126(3): 291-301.
  18. Mathur S, Singh R. Antibiotic resistance in food lactic acid bacteria--a review. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 105(3): 281-95.
  19. Gueimonde M, Sanchez B, Los Reyes-Gavilan Gd, Margolles A. Antibiotic resistance in probiotic bacteria. Front Microbiol 2013; 4: 202.
  20. Duranti S, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, Turroni F, Milani C, Mangifesta M, et al. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes among human gut-derived bifidobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83(3): e02894-16.
  21. Dash G, Raman RP, Pani PK, Makesh M, Pradeep MA, Sen S. Evaluation of paraprobiotic applicability of Lactobacillus plantarum in improving the immune response and disease protection in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 43(1): 167-74.
  22. Sawada D, Sugawara T, Ishida Y, Aihara K, Aoki Y, Takehara I, et al. Effect of continuous ingestion of a beverage prepared with Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 inactivated by heat treatment on the regulation of intestinal function. Food Research International 2016; 79: 33-9.
  23. Sombolestani AS. Stabilization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Iranian dairy products and the study of the antimicrobial effects of milk peptides produced by them [MSc Thesis]. Isfahan, Iran: School of Sciences, University of Isfahan; 2017. [In Persian].
  24. Shafiei R, Delvigne F, Babanezhad M, Thonart P. Evaluation of viability and growth of Acetobacter senegalensis under different stress conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 163(2-3): 204-13.
  25. Shafiei R, Delvigne F, Thonart P. Flow-cytometric assessment of damages to Acetobacter senegalensis during freeze-drying process and storage. Acetic Acid Bacteria 2013; 2(1s): e10.
  26. Shafiei R, Zarmehrkhorshid R, Bentaib A, Babanezhad M, Leprince P, Delvigne F, et al. The role of protein modifications in senescence of freeze-dried Acetobacter senegalensis during storage. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13(1): 26.
  27. Cruz AG, Castro WF, Faria JAF, Bolini HMA, Celeghini RMS, Raices RSL, et al. Stability of probiotic yogurt added with glucose oxidase in plastic materials with different permeability oxygen rates during the refrigerated storage. Food Research International 2013; 51(2): 723-8.
  28. Kim JY, Park BK, Park HJ, Park YH, Kim BO, Pyo S. Atopic dermatitis-mitigating effects of new Lactobacillus strain, Lactobacillus sakei probio 65 isolated from Kimchi. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115(2): 517-26.
  29. Zeng J, Jiang J, Zhu W, Chu Y. Heat-killed yogurt-containing lactic acid bacteria prevent cytokine-induced barrier disruption in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Ann Microbiol 2016; 66(1): 171-8.
  30. Yang HL, Xia HQ, Ye YD, Zou WC, Sun YZ. Probiotic Bacillus pumilus SE5 shapes the intestinal microbiota and mucosal immunity in grouper Epinephelus coioides. Dis Aquat Organ 2014; 111(2): 119-27.
  31. Nakamura S, Kuda T, An C, Kanno T, Takahashi H, Kimura B. Inhibitory effects of Leuconostoc mesenteroides 1RM3 isolated from narezushi, a fermented fish with rice, on Listeria monocytogenes infection to Caco-2 cells and A/J mice. Anaerobe 2012; 18(1): 19-24.
  32. Sugawara T, Sawada D, Ishida Y, Aihara K, Aoki Y, Takehara I, et al. Regulatory effect of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 on gut environment and function. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2016; 27: 30259.
  33. Nishida K, Sawada D, Kuwano Y, Tanaka H, Sugawara T, Aoki Y, et al. Daily administration of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 ameliorates chronic stress-associated symptoms in Japanese medical students. J Funct Foods 2017; 36: 112-21.
  34. Sawada D, Kawai T, Nishida K, Kuwano Y, Fujiwara S, Rokutan K. Daily intake of Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 improves mental, physical, and sleep quality among Japanese medical students enrolled in a cadaver dissection course. J Funct Foods 2017; 31: 188-97.
  35. Good M, Sodhi CP, Ozolek JA, Buck RH, Goehring KC, Thomas DL, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 decreases the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal mice and preterm piglets: Evidence in mice for a role of TLR9. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306(11): G1021-G1032.
  36. Awad H, Mokhtar H, Imam SS, Gad GI, Hafez H, Aboushady N. Comparison between killed and living probiotic usage versus placebo for the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in neonates. Pak J Biol Sci 2010; 13(6): 253-62.
  37. Lopez M, Li N, Kataria J, Russell M, Neu J. Live and ultraviolet-inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG decrease flagellin-induced interleukin-8 production in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr 2008; 138(11): 2264-8.
  38. Shin HS, Park SY, Lee DK, Kim SA, An HM, Kim JR, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of sonication-killed Bifidobacterium longum isolated from healthy adult Koreans in high cholesterol fed rats. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33(9): 1425-31.
  39. Dehlink E, Domig KJ, Loibichler C, Kampl E, Eiwegger T, Georgopoulos A, et al. Heat- and formalin-inactivated probiotic bacteria induce comparable cytokine patterns in intestinal epithelial cell-leucocyte cocultures. J Food Prot 2007; 70(10): 2417-21.
  40. Markowicz C, Kubiak P, Grajek W, Schmidt MT. Inactivation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG by fixation modifies its probiotic properties. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62(1): 72-82.
  41. Kawase M, He F, Kubota A, Yoda K, Miyazawa K, Hiramatsu M. Heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 protects mice against influenza virus infection by stimulating gut and respiratory immune responses. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2012; 64(2): 280-8.
  42. Kamiya T, Wang L, Forsythe P, Goettsche G, Mao Y, Wang Y, et al. Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on visceral pain induced by colorectal distension in Sprague-Dawley rats. Gut 2006; 55(2): 191-6.
  43. van Hoffen E, Korthagen NM, de Kivit S, Schouten B, Bardoel B, Duivelshof A, et al. Exposure of intestinal epithelial cells to UV-killed Lactobacillus GG but not Bifidobacterium breve enhances the effector immune response in vitro. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010; 152(2): 159-68.
  44. Salinas I, Diaz-Rosales P, Cuesta A, Meseguer J, Chabrillon M, Morinigo MA, et al. Effect of heat-inactivated fish and non-fish derived probiotics on the innate immune parameters of a teleost fish (Sparus aurata L.). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 111(3-4): 279-86.
  45. Maeda N, Nakamura R, Hirose Y, Murosaki S, Yamamoto Y, Kase T, et al. Oral administration of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 enhances protection against influenza virus infection by stimulation of type I interferon production in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9(9): 1122-5.
  46. Goto H, Sagitani A, Ashida N, Kato S, Hirota T, Shinoda T, et al. Anti-influenza virus effects of both live and non-live Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 accompanied by the activation of innate immunity. Br J Nutr 2013; 110(10): 1810-8.
  47. Fujii T, Jounai K, Horie A, Takahashi H, Suzuki H, Ohshio K, et al. Effects of heat-killed Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM 5805 on mucosal and systemic immune parameters, and antiviral reactions to influenza virus in healthy adults; a randomized controlled double-blind study. J Funct Foods 2017; 35: 513-21.
  48. Kawase M, He F, Miyazawa K, Kubota A, Yoda K, Hiramatsu M. Orally administered heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 can upregulate cell-mediated immunity in senescence-accelerated mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 326(2): 125-30.
  49. Kimoto-Nira H, Mizumachi K, Okamoto T, Sasaki K, Kurisaki J. Influence of long-term consumption of a Lactococcus lactis strain on the intestinal immunity and intestinal flora of the senescence-accelerated mouse. Br J Nutr 2009; 102(2): 181-5.
  50. Miyazawa K, Kawase M, Kubota A, Yoda K, Harata G, Hosoda M, et al. Heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri can enhance immunity in the elderly in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Benef Microbes 2015; 6(4): 441-9.
  51. Kimoto-Nira H, Suzuki C, Kobayashi M, Sasaki K, Kurisaki J, Mizumachi K. Anti-ageing effect of a lactococcal strain: Analysis using senescence-accelerated mice. Br J Nutr 2007; 98(6): 1178-86.
  52. Shreiner AB, Kao JY, Young VB. The gut microbiome in health and in disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2015; 31(1): 69-75.
  53. Imaoka A, Shima T, Kato K, Mizuno S, Uehara T, Matsumoto S, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of probiotic Bifidobacterium: enhancement of IL-10 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ulcerative colitis patients and inhibition of IL-8 secretion in HT-29 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(16): 2511-6.
  54. Shimizu K, Sato H, Suga Y, Yamahira S, Toba M, Hamuro K, et al. The effects of Lactobacillus pentosus strain b240 and appropriate physical training on salivary secretory IgA levels in elderly adults with low physical fitness: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 54(1): 61-6.
  55. Shinkai S, Toba M, Saito T, Sato I, Tsubouchi M, Taira K, et al. Immunoprotective effects of oral intake of heat-killed Lactobacillus pentosus strain b240 in elderly adults: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2013; 109(10): 1856-65.
  56. Noh DO, Kim SH, Gilliland SE. Incorporation of cholesterol into the cellular membrane of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121. J Dairy Sci 1997; 80(12): 3107-13.
  57. Kimoto H, Ohmomo S, Okamoto T. Cholesterol removal from media by lactococci. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85(12): 3182-8.
  58. Rios-Covian D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilan CG, Salazar N. Intestinal short chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health. Front Microbiol 2016; 7: 185.
  59. Ueno N, Fujiya M, Segawa S, Nata T, Moriichi K, Tanabe H, et al. Heat-killed body of lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 ameliorates intestinal injury in a murine model of colitis by enhancing the intestinal barrier function. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17(11): 2235-50.
  60. Thakur BK, Saha P, Banik G, Saha DR, Grover S, Batish VK, et al. Live and heat-killed probiotic Lactobacillus casei Lbs2 protects from experimental colitis through Toll-like receptor 2-dependent induction of T-regulatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36: 39-50.
  61. Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Gratadoux JJ, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-infl commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105(43): 16731-6.
  62. Louis P, Scott KP, Duncan SH, Flint HJ. Understanding the effects of diet on bacterial metabolism in the large intestine. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102(5): 1197-208.
  63. Kaila M, Isolauri E, Saxelin M, Arvilommi H, Vesikari T. Viable versus inactivated lactobacillus strain GG in acute rotavirus diarrhoea. Arch Dis Child 1995; 72(1): 51-3.
  64. Rampengan NH, Manoppo J, Warouw SM. Comparison of efficacies between live and killed probiotics in children with lactose malabsorption. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010; 41(2): 474-81.
  65. Rafter J. The effects of probiotics on colon cancer development. Nutr Res Rev 2004; 17(2): 277-84.
  66. Mansouri-Tehrani HA, Rabbani-Khorasgani M, Hosseini SM, Mokarian F, Mahdavi H, Roayaei M. Effect of supplements: Probiotics and probiotic plus honey on blood cell counts and serum IgA in patients receiving pelvic radiotherapy. J Res Med Sci 2015; 20(7): 679-83.
  67. Smith KR, Veranth JM, Hu AA, Lighty JS, Aust AE. Interleukin-8 levels in human lung epithelial cells are increased in response to coal fly ash and vary with the bioavailability of iron, as a function of particle size and source of coal. Chem Res Toxicol 2000; 13(2): 118-25.
  68. Volpin G, Cohen M, Assaf M, Meir T, Katz R, Pollack S. Cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and TGFbeta) as potential biomarkers of systemic inflammatory response in trauma patients. Int Orthop 2014; 38(6): 1303-9.
  69. Zhang L, Li N, Caicedo R, Neu J. Alive and dead Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG decrease tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced interleukin-8 production in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr 2005; 135(7): 1752-6.
  70. Shin R, Itoh Y, Kataoka M, Iino-Miura S, Miura R, Mizutani T, et al. Anti-tumor activity of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum BF-LP284 on Meth-A tumor cells in BALB/c mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67(6): 641-9.
  71. Isolauri E. Probiotics in human disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73(6): 1142S-6S.
  72. Cukrowska B, Motyl I, Kozakova H, Schwarzer M, Gorecki RK, Klewicka E, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus strains: In vitro and in vivo studies. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2009; 54(6): 533-7.
  73. Cukrowska B, Rosiak I, Klewicka E, Motyl I, Schwarzer M, Libudzisz Z, et al. Impact of heat-inactivated Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei strains on cytokine responses in whole blood cell cultures of children with atopic dermatitis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55(3): 277-80.
  74. Peng GC, Hsu CH. The efficacy and safety of heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei for treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis induced by house-dust mite. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005; 16(5): 433-8.
  75. Lievin-Le Moal V, Sarrazin-Davila LE, Servin AL. An experimental study and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the antisecretory activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB against nonrotavirus diarrhea. Pediatrics 2007; 120(4): e795-e803.
  76. Ou CC, Lin SL, Tsai JJ, Lin MY. Heat-killed lactic acid bacteria enhance immunomodulatory potential by skewing the immune response toward Th1 polarization. J Food Sci 2011; 76(5): M260-M267.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 36, Issue 468 - Serial Number 468
January and February 2018
Pages 131-141

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 25 October 2017
  • Revise Date: 01 November 2024
  • Accept Date: 06 April 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics