Effect of Continuous and Intermittent Aerobic Training on Serum Galectin3 and Insulin Resistance in Wistar Rats with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Document Type : Original Article(s)

Authors

1 PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Iran

2 Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, School of Human Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

Abstract

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases in pregnant women. Its early diagnosis seems to have a significant impact on the developing fetus, the course of delivery, and the neonatal period. This study aims to present the potential and significance of Galectin3 (GAL3) in the pathogenesis of GDM.
Methods: Sixty female Wistar rats (weighting 220 ± 10g) were randomly assigned into six groups: control (Ctr) group, control+continuous aerobic training (Ctr+CON) group, control+intermittent aerobic training (Ctr+INT) group, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) group, GDM+continuous aerobic training (GDM+CON) group, GDM+intermittent aerobic training (GDM+INT) group. Exercise groups underwent treadmill exercise during pregnancy. Levels of insulin resistance and galectin3 were measured.
Findings: Serum galectin3 concentration in the GDM group was significantly higher than Ctr. On the other hand, the galectin3 level in the GDM+CON and GDM+INT groups was considerably lower than in the GDM group. The weight of the GDM group was significantly higher than the Ctr and training groups on the 20th day of gestation. Insulin resistance levels in the GDM+CON and GDM+INT groups were significantly lower than in the GDM group.
Conclusion: The study results demonstrate that both continuous and intermittent training effectively improved GDM. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two training models. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between galectin3 and GDM. It may be used as a potential factor to predict the development of GDM.

Highlights

Ahmad Arbabi: Google Scholar, PubMed

Mehdi Mogharnasi: Google Scholar, PubMed

Keywords


  1. Martínez‐Vizcaíno V, Sanabria‐Martínez G, Fernández‐Rodríguez R, Cavero‐Redondo I, Pascual‐Morena C, Álvarez‐Bueno C, et al. Exercise during pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders: an umbrella review of randomised controlled trials and an updated meta‐analysis. BJOG 2023; 130(3): 264-75.
  2. Baldane S, Celik M, Korez MK, Baldane EG, Abusoglu S, Ali U, et al. Assessment of Serum Galectin-3 Levels in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetol 2023; 14(1): 28-33.
  3. Tang T, Chen L. Correlation between Serum ApoC III and Galectin-3 Levels and Maternal and Neonatal Adverse Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Patients Emerg Med Int 2022; 2022: 5089529.
  4. Li Y, Li T, Zhou Z, Xiao Y. Emerging roles of Galectin-3 in diabetes and diabetes complications: A snapshot. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23(3): 569-77.
  5. Altun Ö, Dikker O, Akarsu M, Arman Y, Yoldemir ŞA, Kutlu O, et al. The relationship of serum galectin-3 levels with obesity and insulin resistance. Journal of surgery and medicine 2019; 3(8): 564-7.
  6. Shimura T, Shibata M, Gonda K, Nakajima T, Chida S, Noda M, et al. Association between circulating galectin‑3 levels and the immunological, inflammatory and nutritional parameters in patients with colorectal cancer. Biomed Rep 2016; 5(2): 203-7.
  7. Amarilyo G, Oren A, Mimouni F, Ochshorn Y, Deutsch V, Mandel D. Increased cord serum inflammatory markers in small-for-gestational-age neonates. J Perinatol 2011; 31(1): 30-2.
  8. Talmor-Barkan Y, Chezar-Azerrad C, Kruchin B, Leshem-Lev D, Levi A, Hadar E, et al .Elevated galectin-3 in women with gestational diabetes mellitus, a new surrogate for cardiovascular disease in women. PLoS One 2020; 15(6): e0234732.
  9. Deng Y, Jin H, Ning J, Cui D, Zhang M, Yang H. Elevated galectin-3 levels detected in women with hyperglycemia during early and mid-pregnancy antagonizes high glucose− induced trophoblast cells apoptosis via galectin-3/foxc1 pathway. Mol Med 2023; 29(1): 115.
  10. Zhang Z, Kang X, Guo Y, Zhang J, Xie J, Shao S, et al. Association of circulating galectin‐3 with gestational diabetes mellitus, progesterone, and insulin resistance. J Diabetes 2021; 13(1): 54-62.
  11. Freitag N, Tirado‐González I, Barrientos G, Cohen M, Daher S, Goldman‐Wohl D, et al. The chimera‐type galectin‐3 is a positive modulator of trophoblast functions with dysregulated expression in gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 84(6): e13311.
  12. Heusler I, Biron-Shental T, Farladansky-Gershnabel S, Pasternak Y, Kidron D, Vulih-Shuitsman I, et al. Enhanced expression of Galectin-3 in gestational diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31(6): 1791-7.
  13. Pejnovic NN, Pantic JM, Jovanovic IP, Radosavljevic GD, Milovanovic MZ, Nikolic IG, et al. Galectin-3 deficiency accelerates high-fat diet–induced obesity and amplifies inflammation in adipose tissue and pancreatic islets. Diabetes 2013; 62(6): 1932-44.
  14. Darrow AL, Shohet RV. Galectin-3 deficiency exacerbates hyperglycemia and the endothelial response to diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14: 1-13.
  15. Russo LM, Nobles C, Ertel KA, Chasan-Taber L, Whitcomb BW. Physical activity interventions in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125(3): 576-82.
  16. Awad E, Ahmed H, Yousef A, Saab IM. Effect of antenatal exercise on mode of delivery in gestational diabetic females: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Physiother Quart 2019; 27(2): 1-5.
  17. Samiei A, Behpoor N, Tadibi V, Fathi R. The effect of high intensity aerobic exercise on levels of galectin-3 and protein kinase c in diabetic male rats. J Clin Res Paramed Sci 2020; 9(1): e80362.
  18. Moghadami K, Khalafi M, Shabani M. The effect of aerobic training on serum levels of Galectin3 and inflammatory markers in elderly women with metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial [in Persian]. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal 2020; 18(6): 639-48.
  19. Hättasch R, Spethmann S, de Boer RA, Ruifrok WP, Schattke S, Wagner M, et al. Galectin-3 increase in endurance athletes. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 21(10): 1192-9.
  20. Salvagno GL, Schena F, Gelati M, Danese E, Cervellin G, Guidi GC, et al. The concentration of high-sensitivity troponin I, galectin-3 and NT-proBNP substantially increase after a 60-km ultramarathon. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014; 52(2): 267-72.
  21. Chen F, Ge L, Jiang X, Lai Y, Huang P, Hua J, et al. Construction of the experimental rat model of gestational diabetes. PLoS One 2022; 17(9): e0273703.
  22. Ayyoubi A, Mood MP, Hafezinori H, Nakhaei H, Fanaei H. Treadmill exercise during pregnancy decreases serum asprosin in rats with gestational diabetes mellitus. Obesity Medicine 2023; 42: 100511.
  23. Wesley UV, Sutton IC, Cunningham K, Jaeger JW, Phan AQ, Hatcher JF, et al. Galectin-3 protects against ischemic stroke by promoting neuro-angiogenesis via apoptosis inhibition and Akt/Caspase regulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41(4): 857-73.
  24. Xue H, Zhao Z, Lin Z, Geng J, Guan Y, Song C, et al. Selective effects of ginseng pectins on galectin-3-mediated T cell activation and apoptosis. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 219: 121-9.
  25. Xu X, Li R, Chen G, Hoopes SL, Zeldin DC, Wang DW. The role of cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, soluble epoxide hydrolase, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in metabolic diseases. Adv Nutr 2016; 7(6): 1122-8.
  26. Hua K-F, Liao P-C, Fang Z, Yang F-L, Yang Y-L, Chen Y-L, et al. Generation of reactive oxygen species by polyenylpyrroles derivatives causes DNA damage leading to G2/M arrest and apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8(6): e67603.
  27. Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11(9): 607-15.
  28. Song X, Qian X, Shen M, Jiang R, Wagner MB, Ding G, et al. Protein kinase C promotes cardiac fibrosis and heart failure by modulating galectin-3 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1853(2): 513-21.
  29. Ma Z, Qi J, Meng S, Wen B, Zhang J. Swimming exercise training-induced left ventricular hypertrophy involves microRNAs and synergistic regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113(10): 2473-86.
  30. Jessen N, Sundelin EI, Møller AB. AMP kinase in exercise adaptation of skeletal muscle. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19(7): 999-1002.
  31. Treebak JT, Pehmøller C, Kristensen JM, Kjøbsted R, Birk JB, Schjerling P, et al. Acute exercise and physiological insulin induce distinct phosphorylation signatures on TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 proteins in human skeletal muscle. The J Physiol 2014; 592(2): 351-75.
  32. Wagey WF. Pregnancy exercise increase enzymatic antioxidant in pregnant women. Bali Medical Journal 2012; 1(1): 36-9.
  33. Hayashino Y, Jackson JL, Hirata T, Fukumori N, Nakamura F, Fukuhara S, et al. Effects of exercise on C-reactive protein, inflammatory cytokine and adipokine in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism 2014; 63(3): 431-40.
  34. Fernandez-Gonzalo R, De Paz JA, Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Cuevas MJ, González-Gallego J. TLR4‐Mediated Blunting of Inflammatory Responses to Eccentric Exercise in Young Women. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014(1): 479395.