Frequency of Beta Lactamase Enzyme in Isolated Pathogen Bacteria from Hospital In-Vivo and In-Vitro Condition

Document Type : Original Article(s)

Author

Lecturer of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Membership of Young Researchers Club, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract

Background: Hospital surfaces and Staff hands are most common sources to transmission and spread Bacteria from hospital. β-lactame antibiotics are very important agents to control nosocomial infections. The spread of β-lactamase bacteria can disrupt the treatment process. This study was done to evaluate the frequency of β-lactamase bacteria isolated from staff hands and hospital surfaces.Methods: This study was a laboratory study and was performed in the years 2005 to 2007 in Al-Zahra (SA) hospital in Isfahan. 274 samples were selected randomly from stuff hands and hospital surfaces. Hospital surface samples were collected with swab and NB (Nutrient Broth), from high and low contact surface and staff hand samples were collected with Finger Print method. Bacterial identification was performed with microbiological methods and β–lactamase production survey was performed with Acidometric method.Finding: Staphylococcus species were seen in 55% of 194 isolated Bacteria from hospital surface. Other bacteria that isolated from hospital surface were Bacillus species in 26.29%, Enterobacteriaceae in 9.80%, Pseudomonas species in 3.9%, other gram negative Bacteria in 4.51%, Streptococcus species in 0.5% of samples. 60% of 80 isolated Bacteria from staff hand were Bacillus species. Staphylococcus species in 36.25% and Enterobacteriaceae in 3.75% were seen in stuff hands samples. According to β–lactamase test result, respectively 75.43% and 71.23% of isolate Bacteria from hospital surfaces and staff hands, produced β-lactamaseConclusion: The results of this study have shown the high frequency of β–lactamase enzyme in isolated Bacteria from staff hands and hospital surfaces. Improving quality of hand washing and disinfectant agent are very important methods to control nosocomial infections.

Keywords

References

  1. Sehulster L, Chinn RY. Guidelines for environ-mental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep 2003; 52(RR-10): 1-42.
  2. Girard Ducel G, Fabry j, Nicolle L. Prevention of hospital-acquired infections,A practical guide, Department of Communicable Dis-ease,Surveillance and Response 2nd edition. 2002. [Online]; Available from URL: http WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/ 2002.12.
  3. Raymond J, Aujard Y. Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients: a European, multicenter pro-spective study. European Study Group. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21(4): 260-3.
  4. Pratt RJ, Pellowe C, Loveday HP, Robinson N, Smith GW, Barrett S, et al. The epic project: de-veloping national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare associated infections. Phase I: Guidelines for preventing hospital-acquired infections. Department of Health (Eng-land). J Hosp Infect 2001; 47 Suppl: S3-82.
  5. Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, Mourouga P, Sauvan V, Touveneau S, et al. Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compli-ance with hand hygiene. Infection Control Pro-gramme. Lancet 2000; 356(9238): 1307-12.
  6. Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advi-sory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiolo-gy of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002; 51(RR-16): 1-45, quiz.
  7. Kim JM, Park ES, Jeong JS, Kim KM, Kim JM, Oh HS, et al. Multicenter surveillance study for nosocomial infections in major hospitals in Ko-rea. Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Commit-tee of the Korean Society for Nosocomial Infec-tion Control. Am J Infect Control 2000; 28(6): 454-8.
  8. Stone PW, Larson E, Kawar LN. A systematic audit of economic evidence linking nosocomial infections and infection control interventions: 1990-2000. Am J Infect Control 2002; 30(3): 145-52.
  9. Vaque J, Rossello J, Arribas JL. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Spain: EPINE study 1990-1997. EPINE Working Group. J Hosp In-fect 1999; 43 Suppl: S105-11.
  10. Kampf G, Kramer A. Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most im-portant agents for scrubs and rubs. Clin Microbi-ol Rev 2004; 17(4): 863-93, table.
  11. Emmerson AM, Enstone JE, Griffin M, Kelsey MC, Smyth ET. The Second National Prevalence Survey of infection in hospitals--overview of the results. J Hosp Infect 1996; 32(3): 175-90.
  12. Johnson L. Hand Hygiene Guideline. The Cen-ters for Disease Control and Prevention. P.A.C.E. APPROVED.11/2006; Ver 5.10: 6-7.
  13. Weinstein RA. Nosocomial infection update. Emerg Infect Dis 1998; 4(3): 416-20.
  14. Tajbakhsh H. General Bacteriology. Tehran: Tehran University Press; 2009.
  15. Brooks GF, Butel JS, Morse SA. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology. 23th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2004.
  16. Paterson DL, Hujer KM, Hujer AM, Yeiser B, Bonomo MD, Rice LB, et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates from seven countries: dom-inance and widespread prevalence of SHV- and CTX-M-type beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47(11): 3554-60.
  17. Larson L, Ramphal R. Extended-Spectrum-b-lactamase.Seminars. in Respiratory Infection. 2002; 17(3): 189-94.
  18. Agrawal P, Ghosh AN, Kumar S, Basu B, Kapila K. Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among Escherichia coli and Klebsiel-la pneumoniae isolates in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2008; 51(1): 139-42.
  19. Endimiani A, Paterson DL. Optimizing therapy for infections caused by enterobacteriaceae pro-ducing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28(6): 646-55.
  20. Jalalpoor Sh, Kasra Kermanshahi R, Nouhi AS, Zarkesh Esfahani H, Abousaeidi H. Comparing the Frequence of â-lactamase Enzyme in Isolat-ed Nosocomial Infectious Bacteria. Journal Of Rafsanjan University Of Medical Science 2009; 8(3(32)): 203-4.
  21. Hurst WC, Estes Reynols A. Food, Hands and Bacteria2000. [Cited 2006 Jul 8]; Available from: URL: http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/ caespubs/pubcd/ B693.htm#Wash.
  22. Poletti L, Pasquarella C, Pitzurra M, Savino A. Comparative efficiency of nitrocellulose mem-branes versus RODAC plates in microbial sam-pling on surfaces. J Hosp Infect 1999; 41(3): 195-201.
  23. Koneman EW, Allen SD, Janda WM, Schreckenberger PC, Winn WC. Koneman's Col-or Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiol-ogy. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 775-6.
  24. β-lacatamase testing for beta lactamase produc-tion.2006.[Cited 2006 May 9]; Available from: URL:www.Aecom .yu.edu/home /id/idmicro/betalactamase.htm.
  25. Thornsberry C, Kirven LA. Ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae as determined by a rapid test for beta-lactamase production. Anti-microb Agents Chemother 1974; 6(5): 653-4.
  26. Llanes R, Gonzalez M, Martinez I, Sosa J, Guz-man D, Gutierrez O, et al. Evaluation of four methods for detecting the beta-lactamase activi-ty in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Cuba. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98(8): 1089-91.
  27. Wikler MA, Cockerill FR, Craig WA, Dudley MN, Eliopoulos GM, Hecht DW. Performance Stand-ards for Antimicrobial Disc Susceptibility Tests; Standards Ninth Edition. Approved 2006; 26(1): 21.
  28. Hakiemi Najafabadi Sh. Overview of Bacterial contamination of Inhalation equipments. Pro-ceeding of the 8th National Congress of Microbi-ology; 2006; Isfahan, Iran.
  29. Mansuri F, Banitabay Hematyar Sh. Overview of bacterial culture in operations room in selec-tive hospital in Isfahan Medical Science Univer-sity (2005-2006). Proceeding of the National Student Congress on The Role of Health Service Staff in Prevention of Hospital Infections, Medi-cal Science University; 2007; Isfahan, Iran.
  30. Nasiry Razin B. Overview of Bacterial in Opera-tions room environment in hospitals Shahid Be-heshty University. Proceeding of the 3th National Congress of Microbiology; 2000; Hamedan, Iran.
  31. AliAkbary F, Aslany Y, Saadat M, Etemadifar sh. Overview contamination non medical equipments hospitals in Shahrekord Health-Education. Proceeding of the National Student Congress on The Role of Health Service Staff in Prevention of Hospital Infections, Medical Sci-ence University; 2007; Isfahan, Iran.
  32. Jalalpoor Sh,Kasra Kermanshahi R, Nouhi A.S, Zarkesh Esfahani H. Stody to Spreading Bacte-ria in High and Low Contact Surfaces in Hospi-tal. Proceeding of the 9th Iranian Congress of Mi-crobiology; 2008 March 4-6; Kerman, Iran. p. 208.
  33. Jalalpoor Sh, Kasra Kermanshahi R , Nouhi A.S ,Zarkesh Esfahani H. Suryey and Comparastive Bactarial Spread Pattern in Staff Hands and High and Low Contact Hospital Surfaces. Pro-ceeding of the 3th Iranian Congress of Clinical Microbiology; 2009; Shiraz, Iran. p.184.
  34. Jalalpoor Sh, Kasra Kermanshahi R, Nouhi A.S, Zarkesh Esfahani H.Suryey frequence beta lac-tamase in Isolated Bacteria of Staff Hands. Pro-ceeding of the 2nd International Biology Con-gress; 2007; Tehran, Iran. p.38.
  35. Jalalpoor Sh, Mobasherizadeh S. Frequence of ESBLs and Antibiotic Resistant Pattern in to E.coli and K.pneumoniae Strains Isolated of Hospitalized and Out patients Acquired Urinary Tract Infection (Esfahan/2008-2009). Journal of Microbial World 2009; 2 (1): 105-11.
  36. Shlaes DM, Gerding DN, John JF, Jr., Craig WA, Bornstein DL, Duncan RA, et al. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infec-tious Diseases Society of America Joint Commit-tee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Re-sistance: guidelines for the prevention of antimi-crobial resistance in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18(4): 275-91.
  37. Struelens MJ. The epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in hospital acquired infections: prob-lems and possible solutions. BMJ 1998; 317(7159): 652-4.
  38. Hospital antibiotic control measures in the UK. Working Party of the British Society for Antimi-crobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 34(1): 21-42.
  39. Scheckler WE, Brimhall D, Buck AS, Farr BM, Friedman C, Garibaldi RA, et al. Requirements for infrastructure and essential activities of in-fection control and epidemiology in hospitals: A consensus panel report. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Am J Infect Control 1998; 26(1): 47-60.
  40. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV. How to select and interpret molecular strain typing methods for epidemiological studies of bacterial infections: a review for healthcare epidemiolo-gists. Molecular Typing Working Group of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of Ameri-ca. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18(6): 426-39.
  41. World Health Organization. Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Origi-nal: English, Distribution: General 2001. [cited 2007 3 6];. Available from: URL: http:WHO/CDS/CSR/DRS/2001.2.
  42. Widmer AF. Replace hand washing with use of a waterless alcohol hand rub? Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31(1): 136-43.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 29, Issue 131 - Serial Number 131
January and February 2011
Pages 234-242

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 21 November 2010
  • Revise Date: 01 November 2024
  • Accept Date: 06 April 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics