The Association between Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Children Obesity: A Review of Published Papers

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 MSc Student, Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Promotion Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Ira

Abstract

Background: Many studies were conducted to evaluate the association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and children obesity. The aim of this study was to review these studies.Methods: We searched the ISI and PubMed databases for studies that evaluated the association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and obesity in children. At first, the studies containing the words "glycemic index", "glycemic load", "glycaemic index" or "glycaemic load" plus "child", "children", "young", "youth" or "adolescent" were selected. Among 1001 selected studies, articles were accepted if they had considered obesity or related factors as their main dependent variables.Findings: Twenty studies were included. Although the cross-sectional results were inconsistent, stronger studies had found a direct relation between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and children obesity. Cohort studies had shown positive, neutral and negative associations between these dietary factors and obesity in children. However, although most clinical trials had reported a positive effect of dietary glycemic index on childhood obesity, they had not shown the similar effect for glycemic load.  Conclusion: There is not enough evidence for making a certain conclusion. Therefore, further studies in this field are suggested. 

Keywords

References

  1. Gee M, Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S. Weight management. In: Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S, editors. Krause's Food & Nutrition Therapy. 12th ed. 2008. p. 532.
  2. Nielsen BM, Bjornsbo KS, Tetens I, Heitmann BL. Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in Danish children in relation to body fatness. Br J Nutr 2005; 94(6): 992-7.
  3. Azizi F, Mirmiran P, Azadbakht L. Predictors of cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adolescents: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2004; 74(5): 307-12.
  4. Cali AM, Caprio S. Obesity in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(11 Suppl 1): S31-S36.
  5. Kelishadi R, Ardalan G, Gheiratmand R, Majdzadeh R, Hosseini M, Gouya MM, et al. Thinness, overweight and obesity in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents: CASPIAN Study. Child Care Health Dev 2008; 34(1): 44-54.
  6. Barba G, Sieri S, Russo MD, Donatiello E, Formisano A, Lauria F, et al. Glycaemic index and body fat distribution in children: the results of the ARCA project. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22(1): 28-34.
  7. Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Burden VR, et al. A
  8. high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82(1): 41-8.
  9. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The significance of protein in food intake and body weight regulation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003; 6(6): 635-8.
  10. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP. Protein intake and body-weight regulation. Appetite 2005; 45(2): 187-90.
  11. Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi F. Better dietary adherence and weight maintenance achieved by a long-term moderate-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2007; 97(2): 399-404.
  12. Mendes K, Iselin J, Edelstein K. Dietitians' use of the glycemic index/glycemic load as a counseling tool for overweight children. Top Clin Nutr 2006; 21(4): 300-11.
  13. Niwano Y, Adachi T, Kashimura J, Sakata T, Sasaki H, Sekine K, et al. Is glycemic index of food a feasible predictor of appetite, hunger, and satiety? J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2009; 55(3): 201-7.
  14. Rossi M, Bosetti C, Talamini R, Lagiou P, Negri E, Franceschi S, et al. Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to body mass index and waist to hip ratio. Eur J Nutr 2010; 49(8): 459-64.
  15. Ma Y, Olendzki B, Chiriboga D, Hebert JR, Li Y, Li W, et al. Association between dietary carbohydrates and body weight. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161(4): 359-67.
  16. Lau C, Toft U, Tetens I, Richelsen B, Jorgensen T, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. Association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and body mass index in the Inter99 study: is underreporting a problem? Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84(3): 641-5.
  17. Murakami K, Sasaki S, Okubo H, Takahashi Y, Hosoi Y, Itabashi M. Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic index and load, and body mass index: a cross-sectional study of 3931 Japanese women aged 18-20 years. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61(8): 986-95.
  18. Liese AD, Schulz M, Fang F, Wolever TM, D'Agostino RB, Jr., Sparks KC, et al. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, carbohydrate and fiber intake, and measures of insulin sensitivity, secretion, and adiposity in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(12): 2832-8.
  19. Gaesser GA. Carbohydrate quantity and quality in relation to body mass index. J Am Diet Assoc 2007; 107(10): 1768-80.
  20. Mosdol A, Witte DR, Frost G, Marmot MG, Brunner EJ. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline but not with increased risk of diabetes in the Whitehall II study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86(4): 988-94.
  21. Azadbakht L, Surkan PJ, Esmaillzadeh A, Willett WC. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan affects C-reactive protein, coagulation abnormalities, and hepatic function tests among type 2 diabetic patients. J Nutr 2011; 141(6): 1083-8.
  22. Azadbakht L, Fard NR, Karimi M, Baghaei MH, Surkan PJ, Rahimi M, et al. Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan on cardiovascular risks among type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(1): 55-7.
  23. Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi T, Azizi F. Beneficial effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(12): 2823-31.
  24. Randi G, Ferraroni M, Talamini R, Garavello W, Deandrea S, Decarli A, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load and thyroid cancer risk. Ann Oncol 2008; 19(2): 380-3.
  25. Burke LM, Collier GR, Hargreaves M. Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrate feedings. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75(2): 1019-23.
  26. Parillo M, Annuzzi G, Rivellese AA, Bozzetto L, Alessandrini R, Riccardi G, et al. Effects of meals with different glycaemic index on postprandial blood glucose response in patients with Type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabet Med 2011; 28(2): 227-9.
  27. Gellar L, Nansel TR. High and low glycemic index mixed meals and blood glucose in youth with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. J Pediatr 2009; 154(3): 455-8.
  28. Lamb MM, Yin X, Barriga K, Hoffman MR, Baron AE, Eisenbarth GS, et al. Dietary glycemic index, development of islet autoimmunity, and subsequent progression to type 1 diabetes in young children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(10): 3936-42.
  29. Kynde I, Johnsen FN, Helge WJ, Wedderkopp N, Heitmann LB. Intake of carbohydrates with a high dietary glycemic index, a high content of added sugar and a low fiber content associate with insulin sensitivity among danish school children. Int J Obesity 2007; 31: S185.
  30. Klupa T, Malecki M, Skupien J, Szalecki M, Jalowiec I, Surdej B, et al. [Glycemic index of meals and postprandial glycemia in patients with permanent neonatal diabetes due to Kir6.2 gene mutations]. Przegl Lek 2007; 64(6): 398-400.
  31. Benton D, Maconie A, Williams C. The influence of the glycaemic load of breakfast on the behaviour of children in school. Physiol Behav 2007; 92(4): 717-24.
  32. Mahoney CR, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB, Samuel P. Effect of breakfast composition on cognitive processes in elementary school children. Physiol Behav 2005; 85(5): 635-45.
  33. Micha R, Rogers PJ, Nelson M. The glycaemic potency of breakfast and cognitive function in school children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64(9): 948-57.
  34. Mann CJ. Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emerg Med J 2003; 20(1): 54-60.
  35. Davis JN, Alexander KE, Ventura EE, Kelly LA, Lane CJ, Byrd-Williams CE, et al. Associations of dietary sugar and glycemic index with adiposity and insulin dynamics in overweight Latino youth. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86(5): 1331-8.
  36. Spieth LE, Harnish JD, Lenders CM, Raezer LB, Pereira MA, Hangen SJ, et al. A low-glycemic index diet in the treatment of pediatric obesity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000; 154(9): 947-51.
  37. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(21): 2082-90.
  38. Buyken AE, Trauner K, Gunther AL, Kroke A, Remer T. Breakfast glycemic index affects subsequent daily energy intake in free-living healthy children. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86(4): 980-7.
  39. Buyken AE, Cheng G, Gunther AL, Liese AD, Remer T, Karaolis-Danckert N. Relation of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, added sugar intake, or fiber intake to the development of body composition between ages 2 and 7 y. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88(3): 755-62.
  40. Boye KR, Dimitriou T, Manz F, Schoenau E, Neu C, Wudy S, et al. Anthropometric assessment of muscularity during growth: estimating fat-free mass with 2 skinfold-thickness measurements is superior to measuring midupper arm muscle area in healthy prepubertal children. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76(3): 628-32.
  41. Cheng G, Karaolis-Danckert N, Libuda L, Bolzenius K, Remer T, Buyken AE. Relation of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and fiber and whole-grain intakes during puberty to the concurrent development of percent body fat and body mass index. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169(6): 667-77.
  42. Siegel RM, Neidhard MS, Kirk S. A comparison of low glycemic index and staged portion-controlled diets in improving BMI of obese children in a pediatric weight management program. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2011; 50(5): 459-61.
  43. Young PC, West SA, Ortiz K, Carlson J. A pilot study to determine the feasibility of the low glycemic index diet as a treatment for overweight children in primary care practice. Ambul Pediatr 2004; 4(1): 28-33.
  44. Rovner AJ, Nansel TR, Gellar L. The effect of a low-glycemic diet vs a standard diet on blood glucose levels and macronutrient intake in children with type 1 diabetes. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109(2): 303-7.
  45. Fajcsak Z, Gabor A, Kovacs V, Martos E. The effects of 6-week low glycemic load diet based on low glycemic index foods in overweight/obese children--pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr 2008; 27(1): 12-21.
  46. Iannuzzi A, Licenziati MR, Vacca M, De MD, Cinquegrana G, Laccetti M, et al. Comparison of two diets of varying glycemic index on carotid subclinical atherosclerosis in obese children. Heart Vessels 2009; 24(6): 419-24.
  47. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Sinclair KB, Hangen JP, Ludwig DS. A reduced-glycemic load diet in the treatment of adolescent obesity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157(8): 773-9.
  48. Papadaki A, Linardakis M, Larsen TM, van Baak MA, Lindroos AK, Pfeiffer AF, et al. The effect of protein and glycemic index on children's body composition: the DiOGenes randomized study. Pediatrics 2010; 126(5): e1143-e1152.
  49. Ball SD, Keller KR, Moyer-Mileur LJ, Ding YW, Donaldson D, Jackson WD. Prolongation of satiety after low versus moderately high glycemic index meals in obese adolescents. Pediatrics 2003; 111(3): 488-94.
  50. Warren JM, Henry CJ, Simonite V. Low glycemic index breakfasts and reduced food intake in preadolescent children. Pediatrics 2003; 112(5): e414.
  51. Henry CJ, Lightowler HJ, Strik CM. Effects of long-term intervention with low- and high-glycaemic-index breakfasts on food intake in children aged 8-11 years. Br J Nutr 2007; 98(3): 636-40.
  52. Ludwig DS, Majzoub JA, Al-Zahrani A, Dallal GE, Blanco I, Roberts SB. High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity. Pediatrics 1999; 103(3): E26.
  53. LaCombe A, Ganji V. Influence of two breakfast meals differing in glycemic load on satiety, hunger, and energy intake in preschool children. Nutr J 2010; 9: 53.
  54. Mirza NM, Klein CJ, Palmer MG, McCarter R, He J, Ebbeling CB, et al. Effects of high and low glycemic load meals on energy intake, satiety and hunger in obese Hispanic-American youth. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6(2-2): e523-e531.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 29, Issue 166 - Serial Number 166
November and December 2012
Pages 2340-2358

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 20 September 2011
  • Revise Date: 02 November 2024
  • Accept Date: 06 April 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics