Protective Effect of Aerobic Training and Spirulina on Ghrelin and Obestatin in Overweight Elderly Men

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of obesity in the elderly has increased dramatically in recent years. Therapeutic strategies that can help maintain energy homeostasis in old age are of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of aerobic training and spirulina on ghrelin and obestatin in overweight elderly men.
Methods: In this experimental study, 36 obese adult men from Anzali were selected and randomly divided into four groups: control, spirulina, exercise and exercise-spirulina. The supplement groups received 2 tablets (500 mg) daily in the morning and evening during the intervention period. Exercise groups performed 3 sessions of aerobic exercise on a treadmill each week with an intensity 70-85% of maximum heart rate for eight weeks. Serum ghrelin and obestatin levels were measured by ELISA kit. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test.
Findings: The results showed that exercise, spirulina and exercise- spirulina caused a significant increase in ghrelin and obestatin compared to the pretest and control group. The ghrelin level of the exercise- spirulina group was significantly higher than the spirulina group. Also, the level of obestatin in the exercise- spirulina group was significantly higher than the exercise and spirulina groups.
Conclusion: It seems that aerobic exercise in combination with spirulina can help regulate hormones responsible for appetite in overweight elderly people.

Keywords

References

  1. Hall JM, Thomas MJ. Promoting physical activity and exercise in older adults with developmental disabilities. Top Geriatric Rehab 2008; 24(1): 64-73.
  2. King JA, Deighton K, Broom DR, Wasse LK, Douglas JA, Burns SF, et al. Individual variation in hunger, energy intake and ghrelin responses to acute exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49(6): 1219-28.
  3. Gnanapavan S, Kola B, Bustin SA, Morris DG, McGee P, Fairclough P, et al. The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(6): 2988-91.
  4. Patterson ZR, Khazall R, Mackay H, Anisman H, Abizaid A. Central ghrelin signaling mediates the metabolic response of C57BL/6 male mice to chronic social defeat stress. Endocrinology 2013; 154(3): 1080-91.
  5. Kaplan RC, Strizich G, Aneke-Nash C, Dominguez-Islas C, Bůžková P, Strickler H, et al. Insulinlike growth factor binding protein-1 and ghrelin predict health outcomes among older adults: Cardiovascular health study cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102(1): 267-78.
  6. Yanagi S, Sato T, Kangawa K, Nakazato M. The homeostatic force of ghrelin. Cell Metab 2018; 27(4): 786-804.
  7. Hassouna R, Zizzari P, Viltart O, Yang SK, Gardette R, Videau C, et al. A natural variant of obestatin, Q90L, inhibits ghrelin's action on food intake and GH secretion and targets NPY and GHRH neurons in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7(12): e51135.
  8. Zizzari P, Longchamps R, Epelbaum J, Bluet-Pajot MT. Obestatin partially affects ghrelin stimulation of food intake and growth hormone secretion in rodents. Endocrinology 2007; 148(4): 1648-53.
  9. Wang WM, Li SM, Du FM, Zhu ZC, Zhang JC, Li YX. Ghrelin and obestatin levels in hypertensive obese patients. J Int Med Res 2014; 42(6): 1202-8.
  10. Chen Ja, Splenser A, Guillory B, Luo J, Mendiratta M, Belinova B, et al. Ghrelin prevents tumour‐and cisplatin‐induced muscle wasting: characterization of multiple mechanisms involved. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6(2): 132-43.
  11. Martins C, Kjelstrup L, Mostad IL, Kulseng B. Impact of sustained weight loss achieved through Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or a lifestyle intervention on ghrelin, obestatin, and ghrelin/obestatin ratio in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2011; 21(6): 751-8.
  12. Zakavi I, Zakavi E, Taghiyan F. Effect of pilates training on plasma levels of ghrelin and obestatin in obese older men [in Persian]. JSSU 2015; 23(3): 2021-31.
  13. Arbabi A, Kahkha HM. The effect of 16-week aerobic exercise on leptin, ghrelin and obestatin levels in old men. Sports Sci 2017; 10(1): 89-91.
  14. Ahmadi SM, Fathi M, RashidLamir A, Aminian F. Effects of 8 weeks aerobic training on plasma ghrelin level and ghrelin lymphocyte gene expression in elderly men [in Persian]. Iran J Ageing 2019; 13(4): 494-505.
  15. Ibrahim AE, Abdel-Daim MM. Modulating effects of spirulina platensis against tilmicosin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Cell J 2015; 17(1): 137-44.
  16. Ovando CA, de Carvalho JC, de Melo Pereira GV, Jacques P, Soccol VT, Soccol CR. Functional properties and health benefits of bioactive peptides derived from Spirulina: A review. Food Rev Int 2018; 34(1): 34-51.
  17. Eskandari M, Pournemati P, Hooshmand Moghadam B, Norouzi J. The interactive effect of aerobic exercise and supplementation of blue-algae (Spirulina) on anthropometric indexes and cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic men [in Persian]. Sadra Med J 2019; 8(1): 51-62.
  18. Villareal DT, Aguirre L, Gurney AB, Waters DL, Sinacore DR, Colombo E, et al. Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. N Engl J Med 2017; 376(20): 1943-55.
  19. Tremblay A, Dutheil F, Drapeau V, Metz L, Lesour B, Chapier R, et al. Long-term effects of high-intensity resistance and endurance exercise on plasma leptin and ghrelin in overweight individuals: The RESOLVE study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44(11): 1172-9.
  20. Kang SJ, Kim JH, Gang Z, Yook YS, Yoon JR, Ha GC, et al. Effects of 12-week circuit exercise program on obesity index, appetite regulating hormones, and insulin resistance in middle-aged obese females. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30(1): 169-73.
  21. Liao J, Huang J, Wang S, Xiang M, Wang D, Deng H, et al. Effects of exercise and diet intervention on appetite-regulating hormones associated with miRNAs in obese children. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26(2): 457-65.
  22. Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, Breen PA, Ma MK, Dellinger EP, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(21): 1623-30.
  23. Shiiya T, Nakazato M, Mizuta M, Date Y, Mondal MS, Tanaka M, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(1): 240-4.
  24. Kamegai J, Tamura H, Shimizu T, Ishii S, Sugihara H, Oikawa S. Effects of insulin, leptin, and glucagon on ghrelin secretion from isolated perfused rat stomach. Regul Pept 2004; 119(1-2): 77-81.
  25. Fathi R, Ghanbari-Niaki A, Rahbarizadeh F, Hedayati M, Ghahramanloo E, Farshidi Z. The effect of exercise on plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations and gastrocnemius muscle mRNA expression in male rats [in Persian]. Iran J Endocrinol Metab 2009; 10(5): 519-26.
  26. Tiryaki-Sonmez RG, Vatansever S, Olcucu B, Schoenfeld B. Obesity, food intake and exercise: Relationship with ghrelin. Biomed Human Kin 2015; 7(1): 119-27.
  27. Vatansever-Ozen S, Tiryaki-Sonmez G, Bugdayci G, Ozen G. The effects of exercise on food intake and hunger: Relationship with acylated ghrelin and leptin. J Sports Sci Med 2011; 10(2): 283-91.
  28. Rigamonti AE, Pincelli AI, Corra B, Viarengo R, Bonomo SM, Galimberti D, et al. Plasma ghrelin concentrations in elderly subjects: Comparison with anorexic and obese patients. J Endocrinology 2002; 175(1): R1-5.
  29. Markofski MM, Carrillo AE, Timmerman KL, Jennings K, Coen PM, Pence BD, et al. Exercise training modifies ghrelin and adiponectin concentrations and is related to inflammation in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69(6): 675-81.
  30. Saghebjoo M, Ghanbari Niaki A, Rajabi H, Hedayati M, Rahbarizadeh F. The effect of circuit exercise with different intensity on plasma and lymphocyte ghrelin and obestatin [in Persian]. Iran J Endocrin Metab 2011; 12(6): 623-32.
  31. Aghajani R, Hojjati Zidashti Z, Nemati N, Bagherpour T. Nervous evaluation conducted by the changes of ghrelin and obestatin executed by aerobic Eexercise. Broad Res Arti Inte Neur 2019; 10(4): 100-14.
  32. DiNicolantonio JJ, Bhat AG, OKeefe J. Effects of spirulina on weight loss and blood lipids: a review. Open Heart 2020; 7(1): e001003.
  33. Yousefi R, Mottaghi A, Saidpour A. Spirulina platensis effectively ameliorates anthropometric measurements and obesity-related metabolic disorders in obese or overweight healthy individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2018; 40: 106-12.
  34. Kaka R, Ghaedi H, Farsi S, Taghipour Asrami A. The effect of nonlinear resistance training with supplementation of spirulina on serum leptin and ghrelin in obese women [in Persian]. J Applied Heal Stu Sport Phy 2019; 6(1): 69-77.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 40, Issue 679
3rd Week, September
September and October 2022
Pages 509-516

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 07 September 2022
  • Accept Date: 07 September 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics