The Prevalence Rate of Infection to Toxoplasma Gondii in Domestic and Industrial Breeding Poultry in Isfahan City, Iran, 2020

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

1 MSc Student, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

3 Instructor, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

4 PhD Candidate, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Background: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a pathogenic and zoonotic parasite, which felines implicate as definitive hosts; intermediate hosts are warm-blooded vertebrates. The protozoa can cause serious symptoms in humans, while in poultry is usually asymptomatic. The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in poultry due to the way poultry are fed is an important indicator of the distribution of oocysts in the environment; in addition, consumption of raw or under cooked meat of chickens can cause infection in human and other animals. Therefore, in this study, the prevalence rate of infection to toxoplasma gondii in domestic and industrial breeding poultry in Isfahan City, Iran, was assessed.Methods: From three groups of domestic breeding, broiler, and laying eggs poultry, 60 blood clot samples were collected. On collected serums, serological modified agglutination test (MAT) was performed. Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies were assayed by this test. Then, the obtained results were analyzed.Findings: By performing the MAT serological test, 20, 15, and 30 samples were positive in domestic breeding, industrial broiler, and in laying eggs samples, respectively. Therefore, relative frequency was 33.3, 25.0, and 50.0 percent in domestic breeding, industrial broiler, and industrial laying eggs, respectively, which by performing chi-square test and calculating the P < 0.050 between the three groups, a significant difference was observed serologically.Conclusion: A considerable percent of domestic and industrial poultry was infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Therefore, preventive measures should be conducted to provide safe foods for vertebrate animals and human.

Keywords

References

  1. Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 1st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2009.
  2. Saki J, Khademvatan S. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii by PCR and mouse bioassay in rodents of Ahvaz district, southwestern Iran. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 383859.
  3. Kalantari R. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in crow and pigeon, using GRA6 gene by PCR-RFLP [MSc Thesis]. Tehran, Iran: Tarbiat Modares University; 2015. [In Persian].
  4. Gharavi MJ, Jalali S, Khademvatan S, Heydari S. Detection of IgM and IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in renal transplant recipients using ELFA, ELISA and ISAGA methods: comparison of pre- and post-transplantation status. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2011; 105(5): 367-71.
  5. Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: From animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30(12-13): 1217-58.
  6. Dubey JP, Jones JL. Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38(11): 1257-78.
  7. Elmore SA, Jones JL, Conrad PA, Patton S, Lindsay DS, Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii: epidemiology, feline clinical aspects, and prevention. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26(4): 190-6.
  8. Cenci-Goga BT, Rossitto PV, Sechi P, McCrindle CM, Cullor JS. Toxoplasma in animals, food, and humans: An old parasite of new concern. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8(7): 751-62.
  9. Dubey JP. A review of toxoplasmosis in wild birds. Vet Parasitol 2002; 106(2): 121-53.
  10. Jones JL, Dargelas V, Roberts J, Press C, Remington JS, Montoya JG. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49(6): 878-84.
  11. Sharifi -Mood B, Hashemi-Shahri M, Salehi M, Naderi M, Naserpoor T. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasma infection in the pregnant women in Zahedan, southeast of Iran. J Res Health Sci 2004; 4(2): 1-3.
  12. Assmar M, Amirkhani A, Piazak N, Hovanesian A, Kooloobandi A, Etessami R. Toxoplasmosis in Iran. Results of a seroepidemiological study. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1997; 90(1): 19-21. [In French].
  13. Asgari Q, Moazzeni M, Akrami F, Kalantari M, M Z, Ghalebi S, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among caprines in Fars province, Southern Iran. J Vet Parasitol 2007; 21: 57.
  14. Heshmat F, Yousefi H, Tolouei S, Pestehchian N. Prevalence of coccidians and helminthes ova in soil samples from public places in Isfahan City, Iran, 2016. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2017; 35(431): 577-82.
  15. Tahri S, Khouni F, Mokrani-Satour D, Abdeli A, Oudhia KA. First report on seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii on some traditional poultry farms in north central Algeria. Veterinaria 2020; 69(1): 51-5.
  16. Mostafavi SN, Jalali Monfared L. Toxoplasmosis epidemiology in Iran: A systematic review. J Isfahan Med Sch 2012; 30(176): 74-88. [In Persian].
  17. Desmonts G, Remington JS. Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection: Method for increasing sensitivity and specificity. J Clin Microbiol 1980; 11(6): 562-8.
  18. Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2010.
  19. Khadem Erfan M, Shariati S, Faridi A, Ghaderi E, Javan K, Zamini G. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibody in livestock slaughtered in Sanandaj slaughterhouse with agglutination method in 2015. J Vet Res 2019; 74(1): 19-26.
  20. Hamidinejat H, Nabavi L, Mayahi M, Ghourbanpoor M, Pourmehdi BM, Norollahi FS, et al. Comparison of three diagnostic methods for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in free range chickens. Trop Biomed 2014; 31(3): 507-13.
  21. Dubey JP, Pena HFJ, Cerqueira-Cezar CK, Murata FHA, Kwok OCH, Yang YR, et al. Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens (Gallus domesticus): The past decade. Parasitology 2020; 147(12): 1263-89.
  22. Feng Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang L, Yang Y. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in free-range chickens in Henan Province of China. Biomed Res Int 2016; 2016: 8290536.
  23. Saichua P, Jumnainsong A, Tantrawatpan C, Kiatsopit N, Kopolrat K, Suwannatrai A, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free range chickens (Gallus domesticus) in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. Trop Biomed 2017; 34(2): 419-24.
  24. Ying Y, Verma SK, Kwok OCH, Alibana F, Mcleod R, Su C, et al. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens from grocery stores and farms in Maryland, Ohio and Massachusetts, USA. Parasitol Res 2017; 116(5): 1591-5.
  25. Vieira FEG, Sasse JP, Minutti AF, Miura AC, de Barros LD, Cardim ST, et al. Toxoplasma gondii: prevalence and characterization of new genotypes in free-range chickens from south Brazil. Parasitol Res 2018; 117(3): 681-8.
  26. Rodrigues FT, Moreira FA, Coutinho T, Dubey JP, Cardoso L, Lopes AP. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered free-range and broiler chickens. Vet Parasitol 2019; 271: 51-3.
  27. Sarr A, Galal L, Boumediene F, Hamidovic A, Darde ML, Diallo M, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in free-range chickens in Senegal, West Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20(1): 15-21.
  28. Khan MB, Khan S, Rafiq K, Khan SN, Attaullah S, Ali I. Molecular identification of Toxoplasma gondii in domesticated and broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus) that possibly augment the pool of human toxoplasmosis. PLoS One 2020; 15(4): e0232026.
  29. Ullah N, Nawaz D, Shah M, Rasool A, Akbar F, Israr M. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in women population in Swat, Pakistan. Biomed J Sci Tech Res 2020; 30: 23247-51.
  30. Ahmadi SF, Zarifi O, Shokrani H, Norouzian H. Seroprevalence and molecular study of toxoplasma infection in domestic chickens from Khorramabad, Iran. J Vet Res 2020; 75(2): 130-5.
  31. Asgari Q, Sarkari B, Amerinia M, Panahi S, Mohammadpour I, et al. Toxoplasma infection in farm animals: A seroepidemiological survey in Fars province, south of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013; 6(3): 269-72.
  32. Amouei A, Sharif M, Hosseini SA, Sarvi S, Mizani A, Salehi S, et al. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic and migrating birds from Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Avian Biol Res 2018; 11(1): 12-5.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 30 June 2021
  • Revise Date: 01 November 2024
  • Accept Date: 06 April 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics