The Relation between Goiter and BMI among Children in Isfahan and Semirom

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

1 Intern, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Health Promotion Research Center, Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Background: Endemic goiter is generally seen in mountainous and iodine-deficient regions of the countries where the people's diet lacks sufficient amount of iodine. Moreover, thyroid hormones are important for normal somatic growth and development. On the other hand, changes in thyroid function during childhood are affected by various factors, like gender, age, adiposity, nutrition, iodine intake and geographic region. Although it is known that severe thyroid dysfunction affects weight, the effects of minor disturbances of a normal thyroid function on body weight, obesity and body mass index (BMI) remain vague. In this study, our goal was to assess BMI in a group of children and investigate its relation with thyroid function and goiter.Methods: A total number of 4345 children (2397 from Isfahan and 1948 from Semirom), aged 6-13 years (with a mean of 9.38 ± 1.10 years) were recruited in this study. The children with any acute or chronic disorder or any history of diagnosed thyroid disease and clinical signs or symptoms of thyroid disease were excluded.Findings: The mean of BMI in children from Isfahan was significantly higher than the children from Semiron in both goitrous (P < 0.01) and healthy (P < 0.01) groups. Although healthy children of Isfahan had higher BMIs than the patients (P < 0.01), in Semirom the relation was reversed (P = 0.045). Conclusion: Goiter may have some relations with anthropometric features such as weight and BMI, especially among children. However, socioeconomic factors seemed to have more important roles because BMI was higher in both goitrous and healthy children from Isfahan.

Keywords

References

  1. World Health Organization, ICCIDD, UNICEF. Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring their Elimination. A Guide for Programme Managers. 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO; 2001.
  2. Saggiorato E, Mussa A, Sacerdote C, Rossetto R, Arecco F, Origlia C, et al. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine excretion in the schoolchild population of a Northwestern Italian sub-Alp metropolitan area. J Endocrinol Invest 2004; 27(6): 516-22.
  3. Koutras DA, Christakis G, Trichopoulos D, Dakou-Voutetaki A, Kyriakopoulos V, Fontanares P, et al. Endemic goiter in Greece: nutritional status, growth, and skeletal development of goitrous and non goitrous populations. Am J Clin Nutr 1973; 26(12): 1360-8.
  4. Koutras DA, Papapetrou PD, Yataganas X, Malamos B. Dietary sources of iodine in areas with and without iodine-deficiency goiter. Am J Clin Nutr 1970; 23(7): 870-4.
  5. Emami A, Shahbazi H, Sabzevari M, Gawam Z, Sarkissian N, Hamedi P, et al. Goiter in Iran. Am J Clin Nutr 1969; 22(12): 1584-8.
  6. Kimiagar M, Azizi F, Navai L, Yassai M, Nafarabadi T. Survey of iodine deficiency in a rural area near Tehran: association of food intake and endemic goitre. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990; 44(1): 17-22.
  7. Bulow P, I, Knudsen N, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Laurberg P. Large differences in incidences of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism associated with a small difference in iodine intake: a prospective comparative register-based population survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(10): 4462-9.
  8. Stockling JR. Serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormone measurements and assessment of thyroid hormone transport. In: Braverman LF, Utiger RD, Ingbar SH, Werner SC, editors. Werner and Ingbar's the Thyroid. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1996. p. 377.
  9. Manji N, Boelaert K, Sheppard MC, Holder RL, Gough SC, Franklyn JA. Lack of association between serum TSH or free T4 and body mass index in euthyroid subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 64(2): 125-8.
  10. Azizi F, Mehran L. Experiences in the prevention, control and elimination of iodine deficiency disorders: a regional perspective. East Mediterr Health J 2004; 10(6): 761-70.
  11. Soldin OP, Hoffman EG, Waring MA, Soldin SJ. Pediatric reference intervals for FSH, LH, estradiol, T3, free T3, cortisol, and growth hormone on the DPC IMMULITE 1000. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 355(1-2): 205-10.
  12. Cioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT, Magnetta R, Durante A, D'Auria A, et al. Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001; 14(9): 1635-9.
  13. Kratzsch J, Schubert G, Pulzer F, Pfaeffle R, Koerner A, Dietz A, et al. Reference intervals for TSH and thyroid hormones are mainly affected by age, body mass index and number of blood leucocytes, but hardly by gender and thyroid autoantibodies during the first decades of life. Clin Biochem 2008; 41(13): 1091-8.
  14. Nelson JC, Clark SJ, Borut DL, Tomei RT, Carlton EI. Age-related changes in serum free thyroxine during childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr 1993; 123(6): 899-905.
  15. Ersoy B, Gunes HS, Gunay T, Yilmaz O, Kasirga E, Egemen A. Interaction of two public health problems in Turkish schoolchildren: nutritional deficiencies and goitre. Public Health Nutr 2006; 9(8): 1001-6.
  16. Reinehr T, Andler W. Thyroid hormones before and after weight loss in obesity. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87(4): 320-3.
  17. Reinehr T, Isa A, de SG, Dieffenbach R, Andler W. Thyroid hormones and their relation to weight status. Horm Res 2008; 70(1): 51-7.
  18. Reinehr T, de SG, Andler W. Hyperthyrotropinemia in obese children is reversible after weight loss and is not related to lipids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(8): 3088-91.
  19. Kaloumenou I, Duntas LH, Alevizaki M, Mantzou E, Chiotis D, Mengreli C, et al. Gender, age, puberty, and BMI related changes of TSH and thyroid hormones in schoolchildren living in a long-standing iodine replete area. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42(4): 285-9.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 29, Issue 162 - Serial Number 162
September and October 2012
Pages 1891-1897

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 16 August 2011
  • Revise Date: 01 November 2024
  • Accept Date: 06 April 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics