Evaluating the Effectiveness of Benzalkonium Chloride on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria in Iran: A Systematic Review

Document Type : Short Communication

Authors

Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Background: Today, biocides have become an integral part of the industrialized world and are invaluable compounds in the control of human and animal pathogens. Benzalkonium chloride (BCC), a biocidal agent, is widely used in hospitals and healthcare facilities, as well as household settings, farms, and food industries. BCC is a quaternary ammonium compound that can denature cytoplasmic membrane proteins. This paper aims to review evaluated studies on the minimum inhibitory concentration of benzalkonium chloride on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated in healthcare centers in Iran.
Methods: The data of this systematic review study was collected from national and international databases, including Web of Science, Science Direct, EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran, using appropriate Persian and English keywords without time limitation for searching. After filtration based on the Inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 articles were entered into our study.
Findings: Overall, 15 studies were identified. 7 studies were included in Gram-positive bacteria and the other 8 were included in Gram-negative bacteria. Most studies were related to Staphylococcus aureus (5) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3). Also, the highest and the lowest reported inhibitory concentration was 1024 µg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 0.25 µg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus.
Conclusion: Different results of the minimum inhibitory concentration of benzalkonium chloride have been reported in Iran, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria. As a result, it is suggested that more studies be conducted in all provinces based on the common biocide agents used on resistant bacteria causing hospital infections regularly.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Sobhanipoor MH, Ahmadrajabi R, Hosseini Nave H, Saffari F. Reduced susceptibility to biocides among enterococci from clinical and non-clinical sources. Infect Chemother 2021; 53(4): 696-704.
  2. Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam H, Azimian A, Bayani G, Dashti V, Nojoomi S, Shirazi N, et al. High prevalence and expression of antiseptic resistance genes among infectious t037/ST239 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains in North Khorasan Province, Iran. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2022; 25(6): 775-80.
  3. Shirmohammadlou N, Zeighami H, Haghi F, Kashefieh M. Resistance pattern and distribution of carbapenemase and antiseptic resistance genes among multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from intensive care unit patients. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67(10): 1467-73.
  4. Gholamrezazadeh M, Shakibaie MR, Monirzadeh F, Masoumi S, Hashemizadeh Z. Effect of nano-silver, nano-copper, deconex and benzalkonium chloride on biofilm formation and expression of transcription regulatory quorum sensing gene (rh1R) in drug-resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn isolates. Burns 2018; 44(3): 700-8.
  5. Taheri N, Ardebili A, Amouzandeh-Nobaveh A, Ghaznavi-Rad E. Frequency of antiseptic resistance among Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from a university hospital in central Iran. Oman Med J 2016; 31(6): 426-32.
  6. Hasanvand A, Ghafourian S, Taherikalani M, A Jalilian F, Sadeghifard N, Pakzad I. Antiseptic resistance in methicillin sensitive and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from some major hospitals, Iran. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2015; 10(2): 105-12.
  7. Dadouk M, Ashkar S, Mehrabian S, Biglaryan M, Zamanian Am, Zali H, et al. Antimicrobial effects of zinc in s. aureus strains resistant and sensitive to benzalkonium chloride and holder smr gene isolated from clinical and dairy samples [in Persian]. J Ilam Univ Med Sci 2013, 21(2): 129-37.
  8. Nowroozi J, Pakzad P, Ebrahimi E, Razavipour R. Detection of biocide resistance genes, qac A/B and smr, among isolated Staphylococcus aureus from clinical and non-clinical sources in [in Persian]. Pajoohandeh 2011; 16(2): 83-91.
  9. Namaki Kheljan M, Teymorpour R, Peeri Doghaheh H, Arzanlou M. Antimicrobial Biocides Susceptibility and Tolerance-Associated Genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolates Collected from Human and Environmental Sources. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79(6): 170.
  10. Goodarzi R, Yousefimashouf R, Nouri F, Asghari B. Susceptibility to biocides and the prevalence of biocides resistance genes in clinical multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Hamadan, Iran. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48(6): 5275-81.
  11. Abniki R, Masoudi M, Tashakor A, Mansury D. Evaluating the effectiveness of Chlorhexidine on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in Iran: a systematic review. [online]; 2023. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr593157
  12. Hadadi F, Ghaznavirad E, Almasi-Hashiani A, Abtahi H. Detection of qacEΔ1, qacG, qacE, qacF resistance genes in Escherichia coli producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases to benzalkonium chloride [in Persian]. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2019; 21(1): 286-92.
  13. Khosravi AD, Montazeri EA, Maki SR. Antibacterial effects of Octenicept, and benzalkonium chloride on Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical samples and determination of genetic diversity of isolates by RAPD-PCR method. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48(11): 7423-31.
  14. Afshar-Yavari S, Diba K, Jabbari S. Detection of efflux pump gene cepA in Klebsiella pneumonia and its effect on resistance to biocides. RABMS 2021; 7(3): 135-8.
  15. Monirzadeh F, Gholamrezazadeh M, Masoumi S, Shakibaie MR. Susceptibility of catheter-related Klebsiella pneumoniae strains to quaternary ammonium compounds under biofilm and planktonic conditions. Canadian Journal of Infection Control 2018; 33(4): 209-15.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 40, Issue 703
3rd Week, March
March and April 2023
Pages 1115-1120

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 14 October 2022
  • Revise Date: 16 January 2023
  • Accept Date: 08 February 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics