Topical Fluconazole Combined with Local Glucantime Injection Compared with Local Glucantime Injections in Treatment of Leishmaniasis

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

2 Medical Student, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract

Background: Leishmaniasis is one of the 6th important infectious diseases in the world that has been certificated as an endemic disease in Iran. The aim of this study was comparison of two methods of treatment included flouconazole with glucantime and glucantime alone in treatment of leishmaniosis.Methods: In this double blind prospective clinical trial, 100 patients with confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis were enrolled and randomized in to two groups. Fifty patients (group A) treated with topical flouconazole twice daily along with intralesional of glucantime once weekly until complete healing of the ulcer of for maximum of 6 weeks and fifty patients (group B) were treated with topical placebo twice daily along with intralesional injection of glucantime once weekly until complete healing of the ulcer of for maximum of 6 weeks, The patients were followed for three months.Finding: In group A, 32 (64%) patients had complete cure whereas in the group B, 19 (38%) patients achieved complete cure with significantly difference (P < 0.001).Conclusion: The efficacy of foluconazole along with glucantime is more than placebo along glucontime in the treatment of cutaneous leshmaniasis. Also Fluconazale decrease the time of healing and the dose of glucantime that is needed for the treatment of cutaneous leshmaniasis.Future studies are warranted.Keywords: Leishmaniasis, Glucantime, Fluconazole

  1. Cordon MA.Control of the leshmaniosis. Am J Clin Dermatol 1990;93(2):80-92.
  2. Zeegelaar JE ,Fabre wR Imported tropical infectious in travelers. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008;9(4):219-32.
  3. Ingrid MR, AsratH, Beak-scan C, et al. Age –Related Alteration Of Arginase Activity Impacts On Severity of Leishmaniasis. Plos Neglected Trop Diseases. 2008;2(5):44-57.
  4. Dedet JP. Topical morphine for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(1):81-4. Monzote L, Montalvo AM, Almanonni S, Scull R, Miranda M, Abreu J. Role of Imiquimod and Parenteral Meglumine Antimoniate in the Initial Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;44:1549–1554.
  5. Al- Jaser M, el- Yazigi A, Kojan M, croft SL. distribution and elimination of antimony fol-lowny asministration of sodium cehmother 1995; 39: 516-9.
  6. Herhun NC.mangment of cutaneus leshmanio-sis.j, 2001; 14: 151-4.
  7. William, H., Markle, MD., and Khal doun, M. cutanous leishmaniasis: Reconition and tretment American Family Phisician 2004;69: 1455-1460.
  8. Sadehiar G, et all. Efficacy of local heat therapy by radiofrequency in the treatment of cutaneus leishmaniasis, compared with intra lesional injection of meglumine antimoniate.clin Exp Derma 2007;32(4):371-4.
  9. Alrajhi A. fluconazole for the treatment of cutaneus leshmaniasis major.N Engl J med 2002; 346: 891-895.
  10. Miguel DC. Tamoxifen is effective in the treatment of leishmania amazonesis infections in mice. Plos Negl Trop Dis 2008;11:2(6):e249.
  11. De Oliveira-Neto MP, Mattos Mda S. An alter-native antimonial schedule to be used in cutaneous leishmaniasis when high doses of antimony are undesirable, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006;39(4):323-6.
  12. Berman J. Recent developments in leshmanio-sis ; epidemiology , diagnosis , and treatment.j, 7:33-38.
  13. Masmodi A, Maalej N. Adverse effects of in-tralesional Glucantime in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniosis.Med Mal Infect 2006;36(4):226-8.
  14. Munir A, Janjua SA, Hussain I. Clinical efficacy of intramuscular meglumine antimoniate alone and in combination with intraleishmanial meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of old world cutaneus leishmaniasis. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2008;16(2):60-4.
  15. Rojas R, VAlderrama L, VAlderrama M, et al. Resistance to antimony and treatment failure in human Leishmania (Viannia) infection. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1375.
  16. Llnos-Cuentas A,Tulliano G, et al.Clinical and parasite species risk factors for pentavalent antimonial treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46(2):233-31.
  17. Schubach Ade O, Marzochi KB, Moreira JS, Schubach TM, Araújo ML, Vale AC, Passos SR, Marzochi MC. Treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis--a systematic review with a meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 2008;47(2):109-24.
  18. Silva, SY., Rueda, LC., Lopez, M., Velez, ID., Rueda- Clausen, CF., Smith, DJ., Mundz, G., Mosquera, H., Silva, FA, et al. Double blind, randomized controlled trial, to evaluate the effectiveness of controlled nitric oxide releasing patch versus meglumine antimonite in the treatment of cutaneose leishmaniasis. Trials 2006;792:14.
  19. Stone G, Kozary PH. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis mandle 1 2005- chapter 273-p.3149-3153, Churchill Living stone.
  20. Crez A, Rainy PM, Herwaldt BL. Pharmacoki-netics of antimony in children treated for leishmaniasis, J infect Dis 2007; 195:602.
  21. Stephen B, Christopher G. Rooks Text book of dermatology 2005; 3245 – 3242.
  22. Llanos-Cuentas A, Tulliano G, Araujo-Castillo R, et al. Current scenario of drug development for leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res 2006;123(3):399-410.
  23. Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies,CR, Saravia NG. Advances in leishmaniasis Lancet 2005;366:1561.
  24. Monzote L, Montalvo AM, Almanonni S, Scull R, Miranda M, Abreu J. Role of Imiquimod and Parenteral Meglumine Antimoniate in the Initial Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;44:1549–1554.
  25. Silva SY, Rueda LC, Marquez GA, et al. Photodynamic therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: the effectiveness of topical phenothiaziniums in parasite eradication and Th1 immune response stimulation. 2004;13: 20-7.
  26. Akilov OE, KosakaB. Parasiticidal effect of delta – aminolevulinic acid-based photody-namic therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis in direct and mediated throu the killing of host cell. ,Exp Dermatol 2007;16(8).651-60.
  27. Akilov OE, Kosaka S, O'Riordan K, Hasan T. Topical treatment of persistent cutaneous leishmaniasis with paromomycin. Hautarzt 2007;58(8):689-90.
  28. Shazad B, Abbaszadeh B, Khamesipour A. Comparison of topical paromomycin sulfate (twice/day) with intralesional meglumine anti-moniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major. Eur J Dermatol 2005;15(2):85-7.
  29. Firooz A, Khatami A, Khamesipour A, Nassiri-Kashani M, Behnia F, Nilforoushzadeh M. In-tralesional injection of 2% zinc sulfate solution in the treatment of acute old world cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. J Drugs Dermatol 2005;4(1):73-9.
  30. Sindermann, H, Engel, J. Development of miltefosine as an oral treatment for leishma-naises. Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100 Suppl 1:S17.
  31. Arevalo I , Tulliano G , Quispe A , et al. Role of imiquimod and parenteral meglumine antimonia in the initial treatment of caused by leishmania tropica in Kabul, Afghanistan: randomizd, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1148.
  32. De Oliveira-Neto MP, Mattos Mda S. Successful therapeutic response of resistant cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis to a very low dose of antimony. J Drugs Dermatol 2006;39(4):376-8.
  33. Daries CN, kaye P, Croh SL.Loshmariasis; new approaches to disease control . BMJ 2003; 326: 377- 82.
  34. Alrajhi AA, Ibrahim EA, De vol EB, khariat M, Fris RM , Maguire JH. Fluconazol for the treatment of cutaneus leshmaniosis causcel by leshmania major. N. Engl. J Med 2003; 346; 891-5.
  35. Gang neux , JP, et al. Experimental evaluation of second line oraluation of second line oral treatment of cutaneusi leshmaniasis causeel by leshmania infantum --- timicrobial Agents and chemothorepy. N. Engl. J Med 1998;18:172- 174.
  36. Sadeghian G, Nilforoushzadeh MA. Effect of combination therapy with systemic glucantime and pentoxifylline in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Int J Dermatol 2006;45(7):819-21.
  37. William, H., Markle M, Khal doun M. Cu-tanous leishmaniasis: Reconition and tretment American Family Phisician. 2004;69: 1455-1460.
  38. Castillo D, Arevalo J, Herrera F, et al. Leish-manicidal evaluation of extracts from native plants of the Yucatan peninsula. Fitoterapia. 2007;78(4):315-8.
  39. Flores N, Cabrera G, Jimenez IA, et al. Spirolactone iridoids might be responsible for the antileishmanial activity of a Peruvian traditional remedy made with Himatanthus sucuuba (Apocynaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2007112(2):410-4.
  40. Stefanidou MP, Antoniou M, Koutsopoulos AV, et al. Activity of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides grown in Cuba against Leishmania amazonensis. Chemotherapy 2006;52(3):130-6.
  41. Barbara .a potent agent for wound healing, Wound care. J Wond 2002;12: 295-99.
  42. Rex JH, Benneth JE, Sugar AM, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazel e with amphotripcine B for the treatment of candidemia ippatient without neutropeia N Engl. J Med 1994;371-30.
  43. Coodman JL, Winston DJ, Gree nficld RA, et al. A controlled trial of fluconazel to prevent furyal infections in patients undergoing bone transplantation. N Engl J med 1992;326:845- 51.
  44. lumya A, Nermeen A. A randomized trial com-paring fluconazole with amphotripcine B for the treatment of candidemia ippatient without neutropeia. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;20(3):80-82.
  45. Momeni AZ.Treatment of centimes leshmaniasis with itraconazole , randomized double – blind study . Arch Dermatol 1996; 137(1):784-6.
  46. Harison j. internal medicine : text book of internship:phaledilphia,Wbsaunders compa-ny,2005:1800-1822.
  47. William H, Markle M ,Khaldoun M. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis:Recognition and treatment American Family Physician. 2004;69:.1455-1460.
  48. El Wakil SS. Plant crude extracts could be the solution: extracts showing in vivo antitumorigenic activity. Pak J Pharm Sci 2008;21(2):159-71.
  49. Bourgou S, Ksouri R, Bellila A, Skandrani I, Falleh H, Marzouk B. Nigella sativa oil for prevention of chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: an experimental model. Am J Nephrol 2008;28(3):517-22. Boskabady MH, Javan H, Sajady M, Rakhshandeh H. Nigella sativa and derived thymoquinone prevents hippocampal neurodegeneration after chronic toluene exposure in rats. Neurochem Res. 2008;33(3):579-88.
  50. Bansal V, Medhi B, Pandhi P. Biologic dress-ing in burns. J Craniofac Surg 2008;19(4):923-8.
  51. Schmall R. The secret of the black seed: an ancient healing remedy for the modern healer. Beginnings 2007;27(3):14-5.
  52. Ait Mbarek L, Ait Mouse H, Elabbadi N, et al. In vitro hypoglycemic activity of methanolic extract of some indigenous plants. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2007;20(4):268-73.
  53. Otoom SA, Al-Safi SA, Kerem ZK, Alkofahi A. Effects of aqueous extracts of medicinal plants on MNNG-treated rat hepatocytes in primary cultures. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;112(1):199-202.
  54. Kaleem M, Kirmani D, Asif M, Ahmed Q, Bano B. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province). J Eth-nopharmacol 2007;110(1):105-17.
  55. Abbas AT, Abdel-Aziz MM, Zalata KR, Abd Al-Galel Tel-D. Effect of thymoquinone on cyclooxygenase expression and prostaglandin production in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. Immunol Lett 2006;106(1):72-81.
  56. Tahraoui A, El-Hilaly J, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. The use of medicinal herbs by diabetic Jordanian patients. J Herb Pharmacother 2006;6(2):31-41.
  57. El Mezayen R, El Gazzar M, Nicolls MR, Marecki JC, Dreskin SC, Nomiyama H. Comparison of potential chemotherapeutic agents, 5-fluoruracil, green tea, and thymoquinone on colon cancer cells. Biomed Sci Instrum 2006;42:350-6.
  58. Perumal Samy R, Pachiappan A, Gopalakrishnakone P, et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity of natural toxins and animal venoms tested against Burkholderia pseudomallei. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:100.
  59. Abdel-Fattah NS, Nada OH. Effect of propolis versus metronidazole and their combined use in treatment of acute experimental giardiasis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2007;37(2 Suppl):691-710.
  60. Lauchli S. Alternative methods for wound treatment. MMW Fortschr Med. 2007;149(46):41-2. Ozugurlu F, Sahin S, Idiz N, Akyol O, Ilhan A, Yigitoglu R, Isik B. Effect of thymoquinone on cyclooxygenase expression and prostaglandin production in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. Immunol Lett 2006;106(1):72-81.
  61. Khattab MM, Nagi MN. Thymoquinone supplementation attenuates hypertension and renal damage in nitric oxide deficient hypertensive rats. Phytother Res 2007;21(5):410-4.
  62. Kaseb AO, Chinnakannu K, Chen D, et al. An-drogen receptor and E2F-1 targeted thymoqui-none therapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7782-8.
  63. El Mezayen R, El Gazzar M, Nicolls MR, Marecki JC, Dreskin SC, Nomiyama H. Antimicrobial effect of crude extracts of Nigella sativa on multiple antibiotics-resistant bacteria. Acta Microbiol Pol 2000;49(1):63-74.
  64. El Gazzar M, El Mezayen R, Nicolls MR, Marecki JC, Dreskin SC .Effect of dexame-thasone and Nigella sativa on peripheral blood eosinophil count, IgG1 and IgG2a, cytokine profiles and lung inflammation in murine model of allergic asthma. Egypt J Immunol 2005;12(1):95-102.
  65. Rooks Text book of dermatology / Edited by Toney Burns,Stephen Breath-nactt,Neil,Christopher Griffithf,Black Well Poblishing,Vol 1,chapter32 Parasitic Worms and Protozoa –P.3245 – 3242.
  66. Drugs of parasitic infectin. Med Let Drugs Ther; August 2004
  67. Sundar, S, Chakravarty, J, Rai VK, et al. Amphotericin B treatment for Indian visceral leishmaniasis: response to 15 daily versus alternate-day infusion. Cline Infect Dis 2007; 45:556.
  68. Jeronimo, SMB, de Queiroz Sousa, A, Pearson, RD. leishmaniasis. In/; Tropical Infectios Dis-eases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice, 2nd ed, Guerrant, R Walker, DH, Weller. PF, (Eds) 2006. P.1095.
  69. Van der Meide WF, Peekel I, van Thiel PP, Schallig HD, de Vries HJ, Zeegelaar JE, Faber WR. Treatment assessment by monitoring parasite load in skin biopsies from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, using quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;12:23-26.
  70. De Padua Vidigal C, Marcussi VM. Enzyme immunoassay using Leishmania (Vianna) braziliensis antigens for laboratorial diagnosis of American cutaneous Leishmaniasis.Acta Trop 2008;16:89-92..
  71. Patricio FJ, Costa GC, Pereira PV, et al. Optimization of Topical Therapy for Leishmania major Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Using a Reliable C57BL/6 Model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2007;1(2):e34.
  72. Asilian A, Sadeghinia A., Faghihi G, Momeni A. Comparative study of the efficacy of combined cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 2004; 43:281-283.
  73. Xuejun C, Hiruma M, Shiraki Yandogawa H. Combination therapy of once- weekly Fluconazole (100, 150, or 300 mg) with topical application of Ketoconazole cream in the treatment of onychomycosis,Jpn. J. Infect. Dis2004; 57: 260-263.