Relationship between Serum Caffeine and Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

1 MSc, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

3 Lecturer, Department of Midwifery, Fatemeh (PBUH) School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

4 MSc of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Background: Preeclampsia is a vascular disease that happens during pregnancy. It is created by vasospasm and vascular endothelium activity and is one of the most important complications of pregnancy. Blood pressure disorders in pregnancy are one of the three major reasons of mothers’ mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between serum caffeine and preeclampsia in pregnancy.Methods: This study was a case-control study. 44 pregnant women in Shiraz, aged 18-35 years, were enrolled in the study. Based on the criteria of entering, 22 women with preeclampsia and 22 women with normal blood pressure have been selected by systematic random sampling from women who were reffered to 2 hospitals in Shiraz. Initially, demographic data and daily caffeine intake was gathered. Then serum caffeine level was measured for all of the subjects. The data was analyzed by Student t-test and multivariate logistic regression.Findings: The mean amount of serum caffeine was 0.309 ± 0.292 and 0.468 ± 0.314 in case group and control group, respectively (P = 0.094). Logestic regression analysis did not show a significant correlation between serum caffeine levels and preeclampsia (OR= 0.565, 95% CI: 0.013-25.42). The correlation between maternal age (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.08- 2.15) and gestational age (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.09-1.87) with preeclampsia were significant. Conclusion: There is no significance relationship between preeclampsia and the caffeine level of the serum based on our findings. Therefore, restricting the caffeine consumption in pregnant women does not seem rational.

Keywords


  1. Cunningham F, Leveno K, Bloom S, Hauth J, Rouse D, Spong C. Williams Obstetrics. 23rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. p. 706-49..
  2. Lowdermilk LD, Perry ShE, Cashion K, Alden KR. Maternity and Women's Health Care. New York, NY; 2007. p. 784.
  3. Hauth JC, Ewell MG, Levine RJ, Esterlitz JR, Sibai B, Curet LB, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in healthy nulliparas who developed hypertension. Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention Study Group. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95(1): 24-8.
  4. Allahyari El, Rahimi Foroushani A, Zeraati H, Mohammad K, Taghizadeh Z. A predictive model for the diagnosis of preeclampsia. J Reprod Infertil 2010; 10(4): 261.
  5. Zolfaqari M, Asadi A A. Nursing the Health of Mothers and Infants. Tehran: Bashari Publications; 2000.
  6. Ahmadi K. Women and Midwifery AOM Series. Tehran: Teb Novin; 2001. p. 201. [In Persian].
  7. Luealon P, Phupong V. Risk factors of preeclampsia in Thai women. J Med Assoc Thai 2010; 93(6): 661-6.
  8. Wei SQ, Xu H, Xiong X, Luo ZC, Audibert F, Fraser WD. Tea consumption during pregnancy and the risk of pre-eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105(2): 123-6.
  9. Funai EF, Paltiel OB, Malaspina D, Friedlander Y, Deutsch L, Harlap S. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia in nulliparous and parous women: the Jerusalem perinatal study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2005; 19(1): 59-68.
  10. Damirchi A, Rahmani-Nia F, Mirzaei B, Hasan-Nia S, Ebrahimi M. Effect of caffeine on blood pressure during exercise and at rest in overweight men Iranian. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009; 10(6): 623-8. [In Persian].
  11. Saadaatian A. Natural and Treating Features of Fruits and Vegetables. Tehran: AyandeSazan Shahr Ab publication; 2007. p. 72. [In Persian].
  12. Mort JR, Kruse HR. Timing of blood pressure measurement related to caffeine consumption. Ann Pharmacother 2008; 42(1): 105-10.
  13. Grosso LM, Bracken MB. Caffeine metabolism, genetics, and perinatal outcomes: a review of exposure assessment considerations during pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol 2005; 15(6): 460-6.
  14. Kuczkowski KM. Social drug use in the parturient: implications for the management of obstetrical anaesthesia. Med J Malaysia 2003; 58(1): 147-54.
  15. Khoury JC, Miodovnik M, Buncher CR, Kalkwarf H, McElvy S, Khoury PR, et al. Consequences of smoking and caffeine consumption during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2004; 15(1): 44-50.
  16. Klebanoff MA, Zhang J, Zhang C, Levine RJ. Maternal serum theobromine and the development of preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2009; 20(5): 727-32.
  17. Bakker R, Steegers EA, Raat H, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW. Maternal caffeine intake, blood pressure, and the risk of hypertensive complications during pregnancy. The Generation R Study. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24(4): 421-8.
  18. Saftlas AF, Triche EW, Beydoun H, Bracken MB. Does chocolate intake during pregnancy reduce the risks of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension? Ann Epidemiol 2010; 20(8):
  19. -91.
  20. Triche EW, Grosso LM, Belanger K, Darefsky AS, Benowitz NL, Bracken MB. Chocolate consumption in pregnancy and reduced likelihood of preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2008; 19(3): 459-64.
  21. Geleijnse JM. Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: an epidemiological perspective. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008; 4(5): 963-70.
  22. Farag NH, Whitsett TL, McKey BS, Wilson MF, Vincent AS, Everson-Rose SA, et al. Caffeine and blood pressure response: sex, age, and hormonal status. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010; 19(6): 1171-6.
  23. Arciero PJ, Ormsbee MJ. Relationship of blood pressure, behavioral mood state, and physical activity following caffeine ingestion in younger and older women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34(4): 754-62.
  24. Savoca MR, Evans CD, Wilson ME, Harshfield GA, Ludwig DA. The association of caffeinated beverages with blood pressure in adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158(5): 473-7.
  25. Eliasdottir OJ, Harethardottir H, Thornorkelsson T. The effect of maternal weight on pregnancy outcome. Laeknabladid 2010; 96(11): 691-6. [In Icelandic].
  26. Shamsi U, Hatcher J, Shamsi A, Zuberi N, Qadri Z, Saleem S. A multicentre matched case control study of risk factors for preeclampsia in healthy women in Pakistan. BMC Womens Health 2010; 10: 14.