The Study of Mycotoxins Contamination in Recycled Waste Bread in Two Municipal Areas in Tehran, Iran

Document Type : مقاله کوتاه

Authors

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment and Energy, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment and Energy, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Food and Drug Control Laboratories (FDCLs), Deputy for Food and Drug, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

4 Associate Professor, Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

5 Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

6 Assistant Professor, Department of Bacterial Vaccines and Antigens Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran

7 Associate Professor, Food and Drug Control Laboratories (FDCLs), Deputy for Food and Drug, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background: Many species of sustainable mycotoxin-producing fungi are considered as dangerous agents for humans. Bread is one of the materials exposed to fungal infection and molds are amongst the most important pollutant microbial and chemical mycotoxin-producing agents of bread. In this study, the microbial and chemical contamination of recycled waste breads and the types of produced mycotoxins at two areas of Tehran municipality, Iran, were investigated.Methods: Using fungal culture media, twenty samples of waste bread were analyzed for microbial contaminations. To recognize contamination to mycotoxins, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and fuorescence detector (FLD) were used.Findings: All but one sample were contaminated to mold infections such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and yeasts including Geotricum candidum, Candidia albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eight samples were contaminated to aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol, whereas none of them showed contamination with zearalenone.Conclusion: The results indicated that presence of microbial and toxic contamination in bread waste is inevitable, which is harmful for human health. The sanitary control of food waste to reduce or eliminate microbial hazards in food recycling is necessary.

Keywords


  1. Azizi MH. Strategies to reduce waste and improve the quality of bread. Proceedings of the 1st Symposium of National Resources Loss Prevention; 2004 Jun 8-10; Tehran, Iran.
  2. Rostami R, Naddafi K, Aghamohamadi A, Najafi Saleh H, Fazlzadeh Davil M. Survey of peanut fungal contamination and its relationship with ambient conditions in the Bazar of Zanjan. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 2009; 6(4): 295-300.
  3. Bryden WL. Mycotoxins in the food chain: human health implications. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007; 16(Suppl 1): 95-101.
  4. Tarrand JJ, Lichterfeld M, Warraich I, Luna M, Han XY, May GS, et al. Diagnosis of invasive septate mold infections. A correlation of microbiological culture and histologic or cytologic examination. Am J Clin Pathol 2003; 119(6): 854-8.
  5. Frisvad JC, Skouboe P, Samson RA. Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, Aspergillus rambellii sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2005; 28(5): 442-53.
  6. Petzinger E, Weidenbach A. Mycotoxins in the food chain: the role of ochratoxins. Livestock Production Science 2002; 76(3): 245-50.
  7. Rundberget T, Wilkins AL. Determination of Penicillium mycotoxins in foods and feeds using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 964(1-2): 189-97.
  8. Sulyok M, Krska R, Schuhmacher R. Application of an LC_MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin method for the semi-quantitative determination of mycotoxins occurring in different types of food infected by moulds. Food Chemistry 2010; 119(1): 408-16.
  9. Zollner P, Mayer-Helm B. Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biological and food matrices by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1136(2): 123-69.
  10. Schollenberger M, Suchy S, Jara HT, Drochner W, Muller HM. A survey of Fusarium toxins in cereal-based foods marketed in an area of southwest Germany. Mycopathologia 1999; 147(1): 49-57.
  11. Turner NW, Subrahmanyam S, Piletsky SA. Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 632(2): 168-80.
  12. Mortazavi A, Tabatabai F. Fungal toxin. Mashhad, Iran: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publications; 1997. p. 80-96. [In Persian].
  13. Aboul-Enein HY, Kutluk OB, Altiokka G, Tuncel M. A modified HPLC method for the determination of ochratoxin A by fluorescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16(7): 470-4.
  14. Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, Aggarwal D. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80(5): 1106-22.
  15. Allameh Abdolamir M, Razaghi M. Mycotoxins. Tehran, Iran: Imam Hossein University Press; 2001. p. 48-53, 63-7. [In Persian].
  16. Scudamorea KA, Hazelb CM, Patelb S, Scrivenc F. Deoxynivalenol and other Fusarium mycotoxins in bread, cake, and biscuits produced from UK-grown wheat under commercial and pilot scale conditions. Food Additives and Contaminants 2009; 26(8): 1191-8.
  17. Murphy PA, Hendrich S, Landgren C, Bryant CM. Food Mycotoxins: An Update. J Food Sci 2006; 71(5): R51-R65.
  18. De Lucca AJ. Harmful fungi in both agriculture and medicine. Rev Iberoam Micol 2007; 24(1): 3-13.
  19. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: concern for resistance beyond Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42(10): 4419-31.
  20. Ramin AGh. The study of aflatoxin and their producing agents in bread that consumed as ruminant foodstuffs. J Fac Vet Med Univ Tehran 2003; 58(4): 347-51. [In Persian].
  21. Azadbakht N, Khosravinegad K, Tarrahi MJ. The rate of aflatoxin contamination of bread losses in Lorestan provinces. Yafteh 2008; 10(3): 87-96.[In Persian].
  22. Pasdar-Khoshknab Y, Derayat J, Mikaeili A, Azizi SM. Survey fungal contamination of collected waste bread in Kermanshah. Behbood J 2000; 492): 14-8. [In Persian].