The Effect of Endurance Training in Air Pollution on the Expression of Muscle Tissue Mitochondria PGC-1α and MEF2C Genes in Wistar Male Rats

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of Sport Sciences, School of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Sport Sciences, School of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia

Abstract

Background: Endurance training through PGC-1α gene expression induces mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, air pollution causes mitochondrial biogenesis disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training in air pollution on the expression of muscle tissue mitochondria PGC-1α and MEF2C genes in Wistar male rats.Methods: 32 male Wistar 8-week-old rats (weight: 180.77 ± 10.65 g) were randomly divided into four groups of control, training, pollution, and training + pollution. In order to place the animals exposed to air pollution, a chamber with dimensions of 166 × 199 × 272 cm, which was completely isolated, was used. The pollutants included carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The endurance training was performed five times per week for eight weeks. Twenty four hours after the completion of the protocol, the gastrocnemius muscle tissue was extracted. Then, the expression of PGC-1α and MEF2C genes was measured using teal time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Two-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the data.Findings: There was a statistically significant interaction between the effects of exercise and pollution on the expression of PGC-1α gene (P = 0.03). Moreover, there was not a statistically significant interaction between the effects of exercise and pollution on the expression of MEF2C gene (P = 0.61). But, simple main effects analysis showed that both exercise and pollution significantly affected expression of MEF2C gene (P = 0.03).Conclusion: Air pollution significantly reduces the expression of PGC-1α and MEF2C genes; however, endurance training significantly increases the expression of these genes; but, endurance training in air pollution only increases the expression of PGC-1α gene.

Keywords

References

  1. Kymisis M, Hadjistavrou K. Short-term effects of air pollution levels on pulmonary function of young adults. Internet J Pulm Me 2007; 9(2): 1-5.
  2. Giles LV, Koehle MS. The health effects of exercising in air pollution. Sports Med 2014; 44(2): 223-49.
  3. Guo P, Pi H, Xu S, Zhang L, Li Y, Li M, et al. Melatonin Improves mitochondrial function by promoting MT1/SIRT1/PGC-1 alpha-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142(1): 182-95.
  4. Guo Z, Hong Z, Dong W, Deng C, Zhao R, Xu J, et al. PM2.5-Induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in the nasal mucosa of rats. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14(2).
  5. Braga AL, Saldiva PH, Pereira LA, Menezes JJ, Conceicao GM, Lin CA, et al. Health effects of air pollution exposure on children and adolescents in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001; 31(2): 106-13.
  6. Kargarfard M, Poursafa P, Rezanejad S, Mousavinasab F. Effects of exercise in polluted air on the aerobic power, serum lactate level and cell blood count of active individuals. Int J Prev Med 2011; 2(3): 145-50.
  7. Qin G, Wang J, Huo Y, Yan H, Jiang C, Zhou J, et al. Sulfur dioxide inhalation stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in rat brains. Toxicology 2012; 300(1-2): 67-74.
  8. Li N, Sioutas C, Cho A, Schmitz D, Misra C, Sempf J, et al. Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111(4): 455-60.
  9. Ku T, Ji X, Zhang Y, Li G, Sang N. PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 co-exposure impairs neurobehavior and induces mitochondrial injuries in the mouse brain. Chemosphere 2016; 163: 27-34.
  10. O'Hagan KA, Cocchiglia S, Zhdanov AV, Tambuwala MM, Cummins EP, Monfared M, et al. PGC-1alpha is coupled to HIF-1alpha-dependent gene expression by increasing mitochondrial oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106(7): 2188-93.
  11. Arany Z. PGC-1 coactivators and skeletal muscle adaptations in health and disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008; 18(5): 426-34.
  12. Fernandez-Marcos PJ, Auwerx J. Regulation of PGC-1alpha, a nodal regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93(4): 884S-90.
  13. Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation. Cell Metab 2013; 17(2): 162-84.
  14. Arabmomeni A, Mohebbi H, Rahmani-Nia F, Riasi A, Marandi M. Effect of intermittent training on oxidative and glycolytic capacity in rat skeletal muscles. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci 2014; 22(5): 1554-66. [In Persian].
  15. Pierson WE. Impact of air pollutants on athletic performance. Allergy Proc 1989; 10(3): 209-14.
  16. Carlisle AJ, Sharp NC. Exercise and outdoor ambient air pollution. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35(4): 214-22.
  17. Yan W, Ji X, Shi J, Li G, Sang N. Acute nitrogen dioxide inhalation induces mitochondrial dysfunction in rat brain. Environ Res 2015; 138: 416-24.
  18. Kregel KC, Allen DL, Booth FW, Fleshner MR, Henriksen EJ, Musch T, et al.. Resource book for the design of animal exercise protocols. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 2006.
  19. Leandro CG, Levada AC, Hirabara SM, Manhaes-de-Castro R, De-Castro CB, Curi R, et al. A program of moderate physical training for Wistar rats based on maximal oxygen consumption. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21(3): 751-6.
  20. Rozier S, Viennot L. Students’ reasonings in thermodynamics. International Journal of Science Education 1991; 13(2): 159-70.
  21. Choi J, Chandrasekaran K, Inoue T, Muragundla A, Russell JW. PGC-1alpha regulation of mitochondrial degeneration in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 64: 118-30.
  22. Richter EA, Ruderman NB. AMPK and the biochemistry of exercise: implications for human health and disease. Biochem J 2009; 418(2): 261-75.
  23. Czubryt MP, Olson EN. Balancing contractility and energy production: the role of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) in cardiac hypertrophy. Recent Prog Horm Res 2004; 59: 105-24.
  24. Terada S, Kawanaka K, Goto M, Shimokawa T, Tabata I. Effects of high-intensity intermittent swimming on PGC-1alpha protein expression in rat skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 2005; 184(1): 59-65.
  25. Wright DC, Han DH, Garcia-Roves PM, Geiger PC, Jones TE, Holloszy JO. Exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis begins before the increase in muscle PGC-1alpha expression. J Biol Chem 2007; 282(1): 194-9.
  26. Murphy MP. How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochem J 2009; 417(1): 1-13.
  27. Bae S, Pan XC, Kim SY, Park K, Kim YH, Kim H, et al. Exposures to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidative stress in schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118(4): 579-83.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 37, Issue 521 - Serial Number 521
March and April 2019
Pages 303-309

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 24 April 2019
  • Revise Date: 06 May 2024
  • Accept Date: 06 April 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics