Evaluation of Long Noncoding RNA-NORAD in Breast Tumor Tissues of Iranian Women

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors

1 MSc Student of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

3 MSc of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for women worldwide. Identification of novel molecular markers that are involved in tumor development has allowed cancer diagnosis, targeted therapy and monitoring the response to cancer treatment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including chromosome transcription and remodeling. This study aimed to investigate the expression and significance of long noncoding RNA NORAD (Non-Coding RNA Activated by DNA Damage) (lncRNA-NORAD) in breast cancer.
Methods: Breast cancer samples were obtained from Iran National Tumor bank. Total RNA was extracted from each sample and then treated with DNase. Q-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of lncRNA-NORAD in breast cancer and adjacent noncancerous tissues as respective controls.
Findings: Analysis of Real Time-PCR data showed that NORAD gene expression increased significantly in the breast tumor tissues compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Since the expression of lncRNA-NORAD gene is increased in breast tumor tissues compared to the normal tissue adjacent to the tumor, this gene can be considered as a suitable biomarker for breast cancer.

Keywords


  1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71(3): 209-49.
  2. Tsang JYS, Tse GM. Molecular classification of breast cancer. Adv Anat Pathol 2020; 27(1): 27-35.
  3. Szymiczek A, Lone A, Akbari MR. Molecular intrinsic versus clinical subtyping in breast cancer: A comprehensive review. Clin Genet 2021; 99(5): 613-37.
  4. Al-Thoubaity FK. Molecular classification of breast cancer: A retrospective cohort study. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2019; 49: 44-8.
  5. Kashyap D, Garg VK, Sandberg EN, Goel N, Bishayee A. Oncogenic and tumor suppressive components of the cell cycle in breast cancer progression and prognosis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13(4): 569.
  6. Lugano R, Ramachandran M, Dimberg A. Tumor angiogenesis: causes, consequences, challenges and opportunities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77(9): 1745-70.
  7. Kaushik S, Bandyopadhyay U, Sridhar S, Kiffin R, Martinez-Vicente M, Kon M, et al. Chaperone-mediated autophagy at a glance. J Cell Sci 2011; 124(Pt 4): 495-9.
  8. Geffken K, Spiegel S. Sphingosine kinase 1 in breast cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 67: 59-65.
  9. Chen S, Wang H, Huang YF, Li ML, Cheng JH,
    Hu P, et al. WW domain-binding protein 2: an adaptor protein closely linked to the development of breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2017; 16(1): 128.
  10. Schmidt M, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Kölbl H. Biomarkers in breast cancer–an update. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2012; 72(9): 819-32.
  11. Shi P, Zhang J, Li X, Li W, Li H, Fu P. Long non-
    coding RNA NORAD inhibition upregulates microRNA-323a-3p to suppress tumorigenesis and development of breast cancer through the PUM1/eIF2 axis. Cell Cycle 2021; 20(13): 1295-307.
  12. Zhang T, Hu H, Yan G, Wu T, Liu S, Chen W, et al. Long non-coding RNA and breast cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18: 1533033819843889.
  13. Huang Q-Y, Liu G-F, Qian X-L, Tang L-B, Huang Q-Y, Xiong L-X. Long non-coding RNA: dual effects on breast cancer metastasis and clinical applications. Cancers 2019; 11(11): 1802.
  14. Bolha L, Ravnik-Glavač M, Glavač D. Long noncoding RNAs as biomarkers in cancer. Dis Markers 2017; 2017: 7243968.
  15. Maleki Dana P, Mansournia MA, Mirhashemi SM. PIWI-interacting RNAs: new biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Cell Biosci 2020; 10(1): 1-8.
  16. Soghli N, Yousefi T, Abolghasemi M, Qujeq D. NORAD, a critical long non-coding RNA in human cancers. Life Sci 2021; 264: 118665.
  17. Munschauer M, Nguyen CT, Sirokman K, Hartigan CR, Hogstrom L, Engreitz JM, et al. The NORAD lncRNA assembles a topoisomerase complex critical for genome stability. Nature 2018; 561: 132-6.
  18. Yu SY, Peng H, Zhu Q, Wu YX, Wu F, Han CR,
    et al. Silencing the long noncoding RNA NORAD inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion by the RhoA/ROCK1 pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019; 23(9): 3760-70.
  19. Li Q, Li C, Chen J, Liu P, Cui Y, Zhou X, et al. High expression of long noncoding RNA NORAD indicates a poor prognosis and promotes clinical progression and metastasis in bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2018: 36(6): 310.e15-310.e22.