Journal of Isfahan Medical School

Journal of Isfahan Medical School

The Effects of Different Training on Gene Expression Involved in Muscle Autophagy in Elderly Rats

Document Type : Original Article (s)

Authors
Somayeh Rostamian Dolatshanlou 1
Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi 2
Ali Yaghoubi 2
1 PhD Candidate, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, Bojnourd, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, Bojnourd, Iran
10.48305/jims.v40.i699.1016
Abstract
Background: One of the major problems in old age is sarcopenia, which can be prevented by doing various exercise training. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of resistance and endurance training on the expression of genetic factors involved in muscle autophagy in elderly male rats.
Methods: In this study, thirteen male rats aged 18 months were randomly assigned to three groups: control
(n = 10), endurance training (n = 10), and resistance training (n = 10). Training programs were done 5 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Then, all subjects were anesthetized 48 hours after the experiment finished and sampling was performed from the bicep. Then, the expression of AKT and FOXO3 genes was measured using the reference gene by Real-Time PCR method. Finally, statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way analysis of variance, and the pairwise differences were evaluated using Tukey's test.
Findings: The results of the analysis variance of FOXO3 and AKT proteins values showed that there is a significant difference between resistance, endurance, and control training groups respectively. Tukey's test for both proteins showed that there is a significant difference between resistance and control groups, and resistance training has a greater effect than endurance training.
Conclusion: Overall, the present study showed that resistance exercises in skeletal muscle can activate autophagy pathways more than endurance exercises. Therefore, resistance training seems to be a more effective training method in improving the expression of genes involved in advancing sarcopenia with aging.
Keywords
Resistance training
Physical endurance
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Autophagy
  1. Maiese K. Sirtuins: developing innovative treatments for aged-related memory loss and Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Neurovasc Res 2018; 15(4): 367-71.
  2. Iizuka K, Machida T, Hirafuji M. Skeletal muscle is
    an endocrine organ. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 125(2): 125-31.
  3. Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, Salviati L, Lee YI, Thompson W, et al. Sarcopenia: aging-related loss of muscle mass and function. Physiol Rev 2019; 99(1): 427-511.
  4. Chumlea WC, Cesari M, Evans WJ, Ferrucci L, Fielding R, Pahor M, et al. Sarcopenia: designing phase IIb trials: international working group on sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15(6): 450-5.
  5. Bellot G, Garcia-Medina R, Gounon P, Chiche J, Roux D, Pouysségur J, et al. Hypoxia-induced autophagy is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via their BH3 domains. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29(10): 2570-81.
  6. Bento CF, Renna M, Ghislat G, Puri C, Ashkenazi A, Vicinanza M, et al. Mammalian autophagy: how does it work. Annu Rev Biochem 2016; 85(1): 685-713.
  7. Masiero E, Agatea L, Mammucari C, Blaauw B, Loro E, Komatsu M, et al. Autophagy is required to maintain muscle mass. Cell Metab 2009; 10(6): 507-15.
  8. Sandri M, Lin J, Handschin C, Yang W, Arany ZP, Lecker SH, et al. PGC-1α protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103(44): 16260-5.
  9. Luo L, Lu AM, Wang Y, Hong A, Chen Y, Hu J, et al. Chronic resistance training activates autophagy and reduces apoptosis of muscle cells by modulating IGF-1 and its receptors, Akt/mTOR and Akt/FOXO3a signaling in aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48(4): 427-36.
  10. Zeng Z, Liang J, Wu L, Zhang H, Lv J, Chen N. Exercise-induced autophagy suppresses sarcopenia through Akt/mTOR and Akt/FoxO3a signal pathways and AMPK-mediated mitochondrial quality control. Front Physiol 2020; 11:
  11. Skurk C, Izumiya Y, Maatz H, Razeghi P, Shiojima I, Sandri M, et al. The FOXO3a transcription factor regulates cardiac myocyte size downstream of AKT signaling. J Biol Chem 2005; 280(21): 20814-23.
  12. Goodman CA, Frey JW, Mabrey DM, Jacobs BL, Lincoln HC, You JS, et al. The role of skeletal muscle mTOR in the regulation of mechanical load-induced growth. J Physiol 2011; 589(Pt 22): 5485-501.
  13. Vivanco I, Sawyers CL. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathway in human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2(7): 489-501.
  14. Dobrowolny G, Aucello M, Rizzuto E, Beccafico S, Mammucari C, Bonconpagni S, et al. Skeletal muscle is a primary target of SOD1G93A-mediated toxicity. Cell Metab 2008; 8(5): 425-36.
  15. Azali Alamdari K, Khalafi M. The effects of high intensity interval training on serum levels of fgf21 and insulin resistance in obese men [in Persian]. IJDM 2019; 18(1): 41-8.
  16. Matinhomaee H, Ziaolhagh SJ, Azarbayjani MA, Piri M. Effects of Boldenone consumption and resistance exercise on hepatocyte morphologic damages in male wistar rats. Eur J Exp Biol 2014; 4(2): 211-4.
  17. Pukajło K, Kolackov K, Łaczmański Ł, Daroszewski J. Irisin--a new mediator of energy homeostasis [in Polish]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 2015; 69: 233-42.
  18. Yu J, Hu Y, Li Y, Han T, Zhu R, Fu P. Resistance training relieves skeletal muscle atrophy induced by hypoxia via the Akt-FoxO1-MuRF1/Atrogin-1 signaling pathway. [Online]. [cited 2022 May 04]; Avilable from: URL:

file:///C:/Users/BitaSyS/Downloads/Resistance_training_relieves_skeletal_muscle_atrop.pdf

  1. Bae JH, Seo DY, Lee SH, Shin C, Jamrasi P, Han J, et al. Effects of exercise on AKT/PGC1-α/FOXO3a pathway and muscle atrophy in cisplatin-administered rat skeletal muscle. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 25(6): 585-92.
  2. Kou X, Li J, Liu X, Yang X, Fan J, Chen N. Ampelopsin attenuates the atrophy of skeletal muscle from d-gal-induced aging rats through activating AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling cascade. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90: 311-20.
  3. Kwon I, Jang Y, Cho JY, Jang YC, Lee Y. Long-term resistance exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy is associated with autophagy modulation in rats.
    J Physiol Sci 2018; 68(3): 269-80.
  4. Kavazis AN, Smuder AJ, Powers SK. Effects of short-term endurance exercise training on acute doxorubicin-induced FoxO transcription in cardiac and skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117(3): 223-30.
  5. Tharrington IH. Skeletal muscle forkhead box 3A (FOXO3A) response to acute resistance exercise in young and old men and women: Relationship to muscle glycogen content and 5’-AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. Greenville, Carolina: East Carolina University; 2010.
  6. Williamson DL, Raue U, Slivka DR, Trappe S. Resistance exercise, skeletal muscle FOXO3A, and 85-year-old women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65(4): 335-43.
  7. Gaugler M, Brown A, Merrell E, DiSanto-Rose M, Rathmacher JA, Reynolds 4th TH. PKB signaling and atrogene expression in skeletal muscle of aged mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111(1): 192-9.
  8. Paturi S, Gutta AK, Katta A, Kakarla SK, Arvapalli RK, Gadde MK, et al. Effects of aging and gender on muscle mass and regulation of Akt-mTOR-p70s6k related signaling in the F344BN rat model. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131(3): 202-9.
  9. Bodine SC, Latres E, Baumhueter S, Lai VK, Nunez L, Clarke BA, et al. Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science 2001; 294(5547): 1704-8.
  10. Bogdanis GC. Effects of physical activity and inactivity on muscle fatigue. Front Physiol 2012;
    3: 142.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School
Volume 40, Issue 699
3rd Week,, February
January and February 2023
Pages 1016-1022