مروری بر تکامل زبان و ژنتیک اختلالات تکلم

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده‌ی علوم، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 کارشناس ارشد، مرکز تحقیقات سلولی و مولکولی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد و آزمایشگاه ژنتیک و تشخیص هویت، مرکز پزشکی قانونی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه ژنتیک، دانشکده‌ی علوم زیستی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

4 دانشیار، گروه ژنتیک و بیولوژی مولکولی، دانشکده‌ی پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان و مرکز ژنتیک پزشکی ژنوم، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

زبان به عنوان ویژگی انحصاری انسان، لازمه‌ی تکامل فرهنگ و تشکیل اجتماع انسانی به شمار می‌رود و در صدر ویژگی‌های تکامل‌ یافتگی انسان جای دارد. مقوله‌ی زبان و تکلم از منظر حوزه‌های مختلفی از جمله حوزه‌ی زیست‌شناسی قابل تأمل و تعمق است. به نحوی که زبان‌شناسی زیستی (Biolinguistics) حوزه‌ای میان رشته‌ای است که به مطالعه‌ی زیست‌شناختی و تکامل زبان می‌پردازد و می‌کوشد تا عملکردی چرخه‌ای را در ذهن بیابد که ما را قادر به ادراک اصول و مبانی زبان می‌سازد. ژنتیک زبان به عنوان زیر مجموعه‌ای از زبان‌شناسی زیستی وظیفه‌ی ردیابی مؤلفه‌های ژنتیکی را در شکل‌گیری و ادراک زبان بر عهده دارد. اگر چه تئوری‌های متنوعی در رابطه با منشأ زبان تا به امروز مطرح شده است، اما بی‌گمان نوعی تکامل ‌یافتگی ژنتیکی جهت برخورداری از تکلم را به خصوص با توجه به دستاوردهای علمی اخیر می‌توان از اصلی‌ترین ملزومات این توانمندی تلقی کرد. در طی سال‌های اخیر، محققان با شناسایی ژن‌های معیوب در طیفی از اختلالات زبانی، به وضوح نیازمندی دستگاه تکلم به صحت عملکرد این ژن‌ها را تأیید کرده‌اند. با این حال، کماکان در پاسخ به این سؤال کلیدی درمانده‌ایم که «آیا وجود و صحت عملکرد این ژن‌ها و در یک نگاه وسیع‌تر، تجهیزات و تمهیدات ژنتیکی به خصوص به لحاظ تکاملی و منشأ زبان، تنها شرط لازم جهت برخورداری از تکلم هستند و یا شرط کافی؟». در این مطالعه‌ی مروری،‌ جنبه‌هایی از تکامل زبان و ژنتیک اختلالات تکلم همراه با پیشرفت‌های چشمگیر و مطالعات جدید در این زمینه‌ مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

An Overview on the Evolution of Language and Genetics of Speech Disorders

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi 1
  • Elaheh Kamali 2
  • Padideh Karimi 3
  • Mansour Salehi 4
1 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord AND General Office of Legal Medicine, Isfahan, Iran
2 PhD Student, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
3 PhD Student, Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences AND Medical Genetics Center of Genome, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Language, as an exclusive salient of human kind, is the requisite of development and formation of the human society; thus, it is at the topmost of human evolutionary features. Language and speech can be studied in various fields such as biology. Biolinguistics is an interdisciplinary field in which biological development of language is studied. It aims to find the functioning cycle in mind that enables humans to perceive the principles and bases of language. Language genetics, a subfield of biolinguistics, traces genetic factors in the formation and perception of language. Although a variety of theories have been introduced to explain the origins of language, considering recent studies, acquiring essential genetic abilities for speaking are undoubtedly of the most crucial necessities of this skill. Researchers have recently found defective genes in a wide spectrum of language disorders, through which they strongly confirm that speech systems rely on these genes to function properly. However, there is no report on a study which answers this question clearly: considering the origins of language and human evolution, is the proper function of genes, genetic structures, and general requirements necessary for speaking? The evolution of language and genetics of speech disorders along with the outstanding improvements and recent studies are discussed in this review article.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Language
  • Genetics
  • Evolution
  • Speech disorders

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مجله دانشکده پزشکی اصفهان
دوره 32، شماره 301 - شماره پیاپی 301
مهر و آبان 1393
صفحه 1509-1529

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 08 دی 1392
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 05 اردیبهشت 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 17 فروردین 1401

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