1. Martin JL, Maldonado JO, Mueller JD, Zhang W, Mansky LM. Molecular studies of HTLV-1 replication: an update. Viruses 2016; 8(2): 31.
2. Gessain A, Cassar O. Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection. Front Microbiol 2012; 3: 388.
3. Eusebio-Ponce E, Anguita E, Paulino-Ramirez R, Candel FJ. HTLV-1 infection: An emerging risk. Pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and associated diseases. Revista Española de Quimioterapia 2019; 32(6): 485.
4. Watanabe T. Current status of HTLV-1 infection. Int J Hematol 2011; 94(5): 430-4.
5. Willems L, Hasegawa H, Accolla R, Bangham C, Bazarbachi A, Bertazzoni U, et al. Reducing the global burden of HTLV-1 infection: an agenda for research and action. Antiviral Res 2017; 137: 41-8.
6. Boostani R, Lotfinejad N, Zemorshidi F, Vahidi Z, Rezaee SA, Farid R, et al. Planning and management to control and eliminate HTLV-1 infection in Iran. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2021; 24(3): 264-6.
7. Rosadas C, Taylor GP. Mother-to-child HTLV-1 transmission: unmet research needs. Front Microbiol 2019; 10: 999.
8. Sodré Barmpas DB, Monteiro DLM, Taquette SR, Rodrigues NCP, Trajano AJB, Cunha JdC, et al. Pregnancy outcomes and mother-to-child transmission rate in HTLV-1/2 infected women attending two public hospitals in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13(6): e0007404.
9. Etenna SL-D, Caron M, Besson G, Makuwa M, Gessain A, Mahé A, et al. New insights into prevalence, genetic diversity, and proviral load of human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women in Gabon in equatorial central Africa. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46(11): 3607-14.
10. Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H. A milk protein lactoferrin enhances human T cell leukemia virus type I and suppresses HIV-1 infection. J Immunol 2001; 166(6): 4231-6.
11. Mello MAG, da Conceição AF, Sousa SMB, Alcântara LC, Marin LJ, Regina da Silva Raiol M, et al. HTLV-1 in pregnant women from the Southern Bahia, Brazil: a neglected condition despite the high prevalence. Virol J 2014; 11: 28.
12. Sanchez-Palacios C, Gotuzzo E, Vandamme A-M, Maldonado Y. Seroprevalence and risk factors for human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV 1) infection among ethnically and geographically diverse Peruvian women. Int J Infect Dis 2003; 7(2): 132-7.
13. Alarcón JO, Friedman HB, Montano SM, Zunt JR, Holmes KK, Quinnan Jr GV. High endemicity of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 among pregnant women in Peru. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 42(5): 604-9.
14. Carles G, Tortevoye P, Tuppin P, Ureta-Vidal A, Peneau C, El Guindi W, et al. HTLV1 infection and pregnancy. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2004; 33(1 Pt 1): 14-20.
15. Moxoto I, Boa-Sorte N, Nunes C, Mota A, Dumas A, Dourado I, et al. Sociodemographic, epidemiological and behavioral profile of women infected with HTLV-1 in Salvador, Bahia, an endemic area for HTLV. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 40(1): 37-41.
16. Bittencourt AL. Vertical transmission of HTLV-I/II: a review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1998; 40(4): 245-51.
17. Lima LHMd, Viana MC. Prevalência e fatores de risco para a infecção por HIV, sífilis, hepatite B, hepatite C e HTLV-I/II em parturientes e gestantes de baixa renda atendidas na Região Metropolitana de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica 2009; 25(3): 668-76.
18. Dal FMMF, da Cunha RV, Bóia MN, Portela P, Botelho CA, de Freitas GMB, et al. HTLV 1/2 infection: prenatal performance as a disease control strategy in State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008; 41(2).
19. Barr RS, Drysdale SB, Boullier M, Lyall H, Cook L, Collins GP, et al. A review of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human T-Cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) with a proposed management algorithm. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9: 941647.
20. Forlani G, Shallak M, Accolla RS, Romanelli MG. HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis: New insights from cellular and animal models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22(15): 8001.
21. Franchini G, Mann DL, Popovic M, Zicht RR, Gallo RC, Wong-staal F. HTLV-I infection of T and B cells of a patient with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) and transmission of HTLV-I from B cells to normal T cells. Leuk Res 1985; 9(11): 1305-14.
22. de Castro-Amarante MF, Pise-Masison CA, McKinnon K, Washington Parks R, Galli V, Omsland M, et al. Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 infection of the three monocyte subsets contributes to viral burden in humans. J Virol 2016; 90(5): 2195-207.
23. Ernzen KJ, Panfil AR. Regulation of HTLV-1 transformation. Biosci Rep 2022; 42(3): BSR20211921.
24. Edwards D, Fenizia C, Gold H, Fernanda de Castro-Amarante M, Buchmann C, Pise-Masison CA, et al. Orf-I and orf-II-encoded proteins in HTLV-1 infection and persistence. Viruses 2011; 3(6): 861-85.
25. Silverman LR, Phipps AJ, Montgomery A, Ratner L, Lairmore MD. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 open reading frame II-encoded p30II is required for in vivo replication: evidence of in vivo reversion. J Virol 2004; 78(8): 3837-45.
26. Unge T, Solomin L, Mellini M, Derse D, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. The Rex regulatory protein of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I binds specifically to its target site within the viral RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88(16): 7145-9.
27. D’Agostino DM, Cavallari I, Romanelli MG, Ciminale V. Post-transcriptional regulation of HTLV gene expression: Rex to the rescue. Front Microbiol 2019; 10: 475868.
28. Bartoe JT, Albrecht Br, Collins ND, Robek MD, Ratner L, Green PL, et al. Functional role of pX open reading frame II of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in maintenance of viral loads in vivo. J Virol 2000; 74(3): 1094-100.
29. Nakano K, Watanabe T. HTLV-1 Rex tunes the cellular environment favorable for viral replication. Viruses 2016; 8(3): 58.
30. Arnold J, Zimmerman B, Li M, Lairmore MD, Green PL. Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 antisense-encoded gene, Hbz, promotes T-lymphocyte proliferation. Blood 2008; 112(9): 3788-97.
31. Giam C-Z, Semmes OJ. HTLV-1 infection and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma—a tale of two proteins: tax and HBZ. Viruses 2016; 8(6): 161.
32. Richardson J, Edwards A, Cruickshank J, Rudge P, Dalgleish A. In vivo cellular tropism of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. J Virol 1990; 64(11): 5682-7.
33. Bohiltea RE, Turcan N, Berceanu C, Munteanu O, Georgescu TA, Ducu I, et al. Implications of human T‑lymphotropic virus in pregnancy: A case report and a review of the diagnostic criteria and management proposal. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21(1): 82.
34. Gonçalves DU, Proietti FA, Ribas JGR, Araújo MG, Pinheiro SR, Guedes AC, et al. Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23(3): 577-89.
35. Kubota R, Kawanishi T, Matsubara H, Manns A, Jacobson S. Demonstration of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax-specific CD8+ lymphocytes directly in peripheral blood of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients by intracellular cytokine detection. J Immunol 1998; 161(1): 482-8.
36. Li H-C, Biggar RJ, Miley WJ, Maloney EM, Cranston B, Hanchard B, et al. Provirus load in breast milk and risk of mother-to-child transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type I. J Infect Dis 2004; 190(7): 1275-8.
37. Gotuzzo E, Moody J, Verdonck K, Cabada MM, González E, Van Dooren S, et al. Frequent HTLV-1 infection in the offspring of Peruvian women with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis or strongyloidiasis. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2007; 22(4): 223-30.
38. Paiva AM, Assone T, Haziot ME, Smid J, Fonseca LAM, Luiz OdC, et al. Risk factors associated with HTLV-1 vertical transmission in Brazil: longer breastfeeding, higher maternal proviral load and previous HTLV-1-infected offspring. Sci Rep 2018; 8(1): 7742.
39. Ureta‐Vidal A, Angelin‐Duclos C, Tortevoye P, Murphy E, Lepère JF, Buigues RP, et al. Mother‐to‐child transmission of human T‐cell‐leukemia/lymphoma virus type I: implication of high antiviral antibody titer and high proviral load in carrier mothers. Int J Cancer 1999; 82(6): 832-6.
40. Hisada M, Maloney EM, Sawada T, Miley WJ, Palmer P, Hanchard B, et al. Virus markers associated with vertical transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 in Jamaica. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34(12): 1551-7.
41. Percher F, Jeannin P, Martin-Latil S, Gessain A, Afonso PV, Vidy-Roche A, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1 epidemiological aspects, mechanisms and determinants of mother-to-child transmission. Viruses 2016; 8(2): 40.
42. Martin F, Tagaya Y, Gallo R. Time to eradicate HTLV-1: an open letter to WHO. Lancet 2018; 391(10133): 1893-4.
43. Schierhout G, McGregor S, Gessain A, Einsiedel L, Martinello M, Kaldor J. Association between HTLV-1 infection and adverse health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20(1): 133-43.
44. Hamedi A, Akhlaghi F, Meshkat Z, Sezavar M, Nomani H, Meshkat M. The prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in pregnant women and their newborns. ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012: 975135.
45. Itabashi K, Miyazawa T. Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1: mechanisms and nutritional strategies for prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13(16): 4100.
46. Rosadas C, Tosswill JH, Tedder R, Taylor GP. Pregnancy does not adversely impact diagnostic tests for HTLV-1/2 infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13(9): e0007736.
47. World Health Organization. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1: technical report. 2021.
48. Nyambi PN, Ville Y, Louwagie J, Bedjabaga I, Glowaczower E, Peeters M, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I/II) in Gabon: a prospective follow-up of 4 years. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol1996; 12(2): 187-92.
49. Hino S, Katamine S, Miyata H, Tsuji Y, Yamabe T, Miyamoto T. Primary prevention of HTLV-1 in Japan. Leukemia 1997; 11(Suppl 3):57-9.
50. Cook LB, Elemans M, Rowan AG, Asquith B. HTLV-1: persistence and pathogenesis. Virology. 2013; 435(1): 131-40.
51. Vieira BA, Bidinotto AB, Dartora WJ, Pedrotti LG, de Oliveira VM, Wendland EM. Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/-2) infection in pregnant women in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11(1): 15367.
52. Rosadas C, Taylor GP. Current interventions to prevent HTLV-1 mother-to-child transmission and their effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microorganisms 2022; 10(11): 2227.
53. Rolon RMM, Yao JD. Laboratory Diagnosis of HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 2020;42(16):129-34.
54. Dearden CE, Johnson R, Pettengell R, Devereux S, Cwynarski K, Whittaker S, et al. Guidelines for the management of mature T‐cell and NK‐cell neoplasms (excluding cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma). Br J Haematol 2011; 153(4): 451-85.
55. Cook LB, Fuji S, Hermine O, Bazarbachi A, Ramos JC, Ratner L, et al. Revised adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma international consensus meeting report. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37(8): 677.
56. Malpica L, Pimentel A, Reis IM, Gotuzzo E, Lekakis L, Komanduri K, et al. Epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome of HTLV-1–related ATLL in an area of prevalence in the United States. Blood Adv 2018; 2(6): 607-20.
57. Hlela C, Graham N, Bhigjee AI, Taylor GP, Khumalo NP, Mosam A. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated infective dermatitis in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. BMC Dermatol 2013; 13: 11.
58. Varandas CMN, da Silva JLS, Primo JRL, de Oliveira MdFS, Moreno-Carvalho O, Farre L, et al. Early juvenile human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: study of 25 patients. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67(9): 1427-33.
59. Gabet A-S, Mortreux F, Talarmin A, Plumelle Y, Leroy A, Gessain A, et al. High circulating proviral load with oligoclonal expansion of HTLV-1 bearing T cells in HTLV-1 carriers with strongyloidiasis. Oncogene 2000; 19(43): 4954-60.
60. McGill NK, Vyas J, Shimauchi T, Tokura Y, Piguet V. HTLV‐1‐associated infective dermatitis: updates on the pathogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21(11): 815-21.
61. Yutaka T, Masao M, Gallo R. 40 years of the human T-cell leukemia virus: past, present, and future. F1000Res 2019; 8: F1000.
62. Schneiderman BS, Barski MS, Maertens GN. Cabotegravir, the Long-Acting Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor, Potently Inhibits Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Transmission in vitro. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9: 889621.
63. Bomford R, Kazanji M, De Thé G. Vaccine against human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type I: Progress and prospects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12(5): 403-5.
64. Shida H, Tochikura T, Sato T, Konno T, Hirayoshi K, Seki M, et al. Effect of the recombinant vaccinia viruses that express HTLV‐I envelope gene on HTLV‐I infection. EMBO J 1987; 6(11): 3379-84.
65. Dezzutti CS, Frazier DE, Huff LY, Stromberg PC, Olsen RG. Subunit vaccine protects Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque) against simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I challenge. Cancer Res 1990; 50(17 Suppl): 5687S-5691S.
66. Franchini G, Tartaglia J, Markham P, Benson J, Fullen J, Wills M, et al. Highly attenuated HTLV type I env poxvirus vaccines induce protection against a cell-associated HTLV type I challenge in rabbits. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11(2): 307-13.
67. Ando Y, Ekuni Y, Matsumoto Y, Nakano S, Saito K, Kakimoto K, et al. Long‐term serological outcome of infants who received frozen–thawed milk from human T‐lymphotropic virus type‐I positive mothers. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2004; 30(6): 436-8.
68. Ando Y, Nakano S, Saito K, Shimamoto I, Ichijo M, Toyama T, et al. Prevention of HTLV-I transmission through the breast milk by a freeze-thawing process. Jpn J Cancer Res 1986; 77(10): 974-7.
69. Ekuni Y. Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HTLV-1—Usefulness of Frozen and Thawed Breast Milk. Adv Obstet Gynecol 1997; 49(3): 171-9.
70. Ando Y, Kakimoto K, Tanigawa T, Furuki K, Saito K, Nakano S, et al. Effect of freeze‐thawing breast milk on vertical HTLV‐I transmission from seropositive mothers to children. Jpn J Cancer Res 1989; 80(5): 405-7.
71. Katamine S. Milk-Borne Transmission of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) and Its Intervention in Nagasaki. Acta Medica Nagasakiensia 1999; 44(3-4): 1-6.
72. Millen S, Thoma-Kress AK. Milk Transmission of HTLV-1 and the need for innovative prevention strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9: 867147.
73. Boostani R, Sadeghi R, Sabouri A, Ghabeli-Juibary A. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I and breastfeeding; systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Iran J Neurol 2018; 17(4): 174-9.
74. Hino S. Establishment of the milk-borne transmission as a key factor for the peculiar endemicity of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1): the ATL Prevention Program Nagasaki. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2011; 87(4): 152-66.
75. Ribeiro MA, Martins ML, Teixeira C, Ladeira R, de Fátima Oliveira M, Januário JN, et al. Blocking vertical transmission of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 through breastfeeding interruption. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31(11): 1139-43.
76. Oni T, Djossou F, Joubert M, Heraud J-M. Awareness of mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type I through breastfeeding in a small group of HTLV-positive women in Maripasoula and Papaïchton, French Guiana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100(8): 715-8.
77. Nakamura S, Kawakami K, Ohtsuka H, Yoshinaga M, Miyata K, Nagata Y, et al. Comparative study on the risk factor for mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-I, especially comparison between short-term breast feeding and bottle-feeding. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 1999; 20(4): A28.
78. Itabashi K, Miyazawa T, Sekizawa A, Tokita A, Saito S, Moriuchi H, et al. A nationwide antenatal human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 antibody screening in Japan. Front Microbiol 2020; 11: 595.
79. Rigourd V, Meyer V, Kieffer F, Aubry S, Magny J-F. HTLV and “donating” milk. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique 2011; 104(3): 205-8.
80. Kashiwagi K, Furusyo N, Nakashima H, Kubo N, Kinukawa N, Kashiwagi S, et al. A decrease in mother-to-child transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in Okinawa, Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 70(2): 158-63.
81. Bittencourt AL, Sabino EC, Costa MC, Pedroso C, Moreira L. No evidence of vertical transmission of HTLV-I in bottle-fed children. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2002; 44(2): 63-5.
82. Sawada T, Taguchi H, Miyoshi I, Nakachi H, Nagayama T. HTLV-1 proviral DNA in oral aspirates of newborns born to seropositive mothers. JAMA 1995; 273(4): 284.
83. Motedayen Aval L, Boullier M, Lyall H, Collins GP, Ayto R, Kelly DF, et al. Adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) in pregnancy: A UK case series. EJHaem 2021; 2(1): 131-5.
84. Pasquier A, Alais S, Roux L, Thoulouze M-I, Alvarez K, Journo C, et al. How to control HTLV-1-associated diseases: preventing de novo cellular infection using antiviral therapy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9: 278.
85. Saito M, Tanaka R, Fujii H, Kodama A, Takahashi Y, Matsuzaki T, et al. The neutralizing function of the anti-HTLV-1 antibody is essential in preventing in vivo transmission of HTLV-1 to human T cells in NOD-SCID/γcnull (NOG) mice. Retrovirology 2014; 11: 1-8.
86. Kato H, Koya Y, Ohashi T, Hanabuchi S, Takemura F, Fujii M, et al. Oral administration of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 induces immune unresponsiveness with persistent infection in adult rats. J Virol 1998; 72(9): 7289-93.
Murakami Y HA, Ando S, Tanaka R, Masuda T, Tanaka Y, et al. A novel mother-to-child human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transmission model for investigating the role of maternal anti-HTLV-1 antibodies using orally infected mother rats. J Gen Virol 2017; 98(4): 835-46.