1. Walton MM. Hierarchies: The Berlin Wall of patient safety. Qual Saf Health Care 2006; 15(4): 229–30.
2. Clapper TC. TeamSTEPPS® is an effective tool to level the hierarchy in healthcare communication by empowering all stakeholders. Journal of Communication in Healthcare. 2018; 11(4): 241-4.
3. Halevy N, Y. Chou E, D. Galinsky A. A functional model of hierarchy: Why, how, and when vertical differentiation enhances group performance. Organ Psychol Rev 2011; 1(1): 32–52.
4. Hayashi M, Breugelmans R, Nishiya K. Identity conflicts of student affairs officers in a medical university. Med Educ Online 2023; 28(1): 2182216.
5. Salehi PP, Jacobs D, Suhail-Sindhu T, Judson BL, Azizzadeh B, Lee YH. Consequences of Medical Hierarchy on Medical Students, Residents, and Medical Education in Otolaryngology. Otolaryngol Neck Surg 2020; 163(5): 906–14.
6. Gergerich E, Boland D, Scott MA. Hierarchies in interprofessional training. J Interprof Care 2019; 33(5): 528–35.
7. Cruess SR, Cruess RL, Steinert Y. Supporting the development of a professional identity: general principles. Med Teach 2019; 41(6): 641–9.
8. Vanstone M, Grierson L. Thinking about social power and hierarchy in medical education. Med Educ 2022; 56(1): 91–7.
9. Hafferty FW, Franks R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Acad Med 1994; 69(11): 861-71.
10. Sarikhani Y, Shojaei P, Rafiee M, Delavari S. Analyzing the interaction of main components of hidden curriculum in medical education using interpretive structural modeling method. BMC Med Educ 2020; 20(1): 176.
11. Anderson C, Brown CE. The functions and dysfunctions of hierarchy. Res Organ Behav 2010; 30: 55-89.
12. Arora R, Mukherjee SD. The Hidden Curriculum in Postgraduate Medical Education: a Commentary. J Cancer Educ 2021; 36(2): 435–7.
13. Chuang AW, Nuthalapaty FS, Casey PM, Kaczmarczyk JM, Cullimore AJ, Dalrymple JL, et al. To the point: reviews in medical education-taking control of the hidden curriculum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203(4): 316.e1-6.
14. Lempp H, Seale C. The hidden curriculum in undergraduate medical education: qualitative study of medical students' perceptions of teaching. BMJ 2004; 329(7469): 770-3.
15. Hurley J, Hutchinson M. Hierarchy and medical error: speaking up when witnessing an error. Safety Science 2020; 125: 104648.
16. Torralba KD, Jose D, Byrne J. Psychological safety, the hidden curriculum, and ambiguity in medicine. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39(3): 667–71.
17. Palanisamy A, Jenkins B. Patient safety vs social hierarchy-too close to call? Anaesthesia 2015; 70(10): 1110–3.
18. G Garber AB, Posner G, Roebotham T, Bould MD, Taylor T. Facing hierarchy: a qualitative study of residents’ experiences in an obstetrical simulation scenario. Adv Simul (Lond) 2022; 7(1): 34.
19. Guris RJD, Duarte SS, Miller CR, Schiavi A, Toy S.
Training novice anaesthesiology trainees to speak up for patient safety. Br J Anaesth 2019; 122(6): 767–75.
20. Haviland MG, Yamagata H, Werner LS, Zhang K, Dial TH, Sonne JL. Student mistreatment in medical school and planning a career in academic medicine. Teach Learn Med 2011; 23(3): 231–7.
21. Querido SJ, de Rond MEJ, Wigersma L, Ten Cate O. Some residents drop out of specialty training. How important is prior clinical experience? A survey among residents in the Netherlands. GMS J Med Educ 2023; 40(1): Doc5.
22. Mert L, Demirel M, Kendirci AŞ, Akgül T, Kılıçoğlu Öİ. Reasons for resident resignations from Orthopedic Residency Programs in Turkey: A cross-sectional survey from residents’ perspectives. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2022; 56(3): 222–7.
23. Dendle C, Paul A, Scott C, Gillespie E, Kotsanas D, Stuart RL. Why is it so hard for doctors to speak up when they see an error occurring? Healthc Infect 2013; 18(2): 72–5.
24. Hauer KE, Hirsh D, Ma I, Hansen L, Ogur B, Poncelet AN, et al. The role of role: learning in longitudinal integrated and traditional block clerkships. Med Educ. 2012; 46(7): 698–710.
25. Cassell EJ. Consent or obedience? Power and authority in medicine. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(4): 328–30.
26. Haidet P, Stein HF. The role of the student-teacher relationship in the formation of physicians. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21(Suppl 1): S16–20.
27. Goleman D. Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. New York: Bantam; 1995.
28. Caine RN, Caine G. Making connections: Teaching and the human brain. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1991
29. Wald HS. Professional identity (trans) formation in medical education: reflection, relationship, resilience. Acad Med 2015; 90(6): 701–6.
30. Wilson I, Cowin LS, Johnson M, Young H. Professional identity in medical students: pedagogical challenges to medical education. Teach Learn Med 2013; 25(4): 369–73.
31. Brainard AH, Brislen HC. Learning professionalism: a view from the trenches. Academic Medicine 2007; 82(11): 1010-4.
32. Gaufberg EH, Batalden M, Sands R, Bell SK. The hidden curriculum: what can we learn from third-year medical student narrative reflections? Acad Med 2010; 85(11): 1709–16.
33. Dyrbye LN, Thomas MR, Shanafelt TD. Medical Student Distress: Causes, Consequences, and Proposed Solutions. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80(12): 1613–22.
34. Brazeau CM, Schroeder R, Rovi S, Boyd L. Relationships between medical student burnout, empathy, and professionalism climate. Acad Med 2010; 85(10): S33-6.
35. Monrouxe L V, Rees CE, Dennis I, Wells SE. Professionalism dilemmas, moral distress and the healthcare student: insights from two online UK-wide questionnaire studies. BMJ Open 2015; 5(5): e007518.
36. Lomis KD, Carpenter RO, Miller BM. Moral distress in the third year of medical school; a descriptive review of student case reflections. Am J Surg 2009; 197(1): 107–12.
37. Wiggleton C, Petrusa E, Loomis K, Tarpley J, Tarpley M, O’Gorman M Lou, et al. Medical students’ experiences of moral distress: development of a web-based survey. Acad Med 2010; 85(1): 111–7.
38. Soemantri D, Greviana N, Findyartini A, Azzahra TB, Suryoadji KA, Mustika R, et al. To obey or not to obey medical students’ response towards professional dilemmas in a hierarchical and collectivist culture. PLoS One 2021; 16(12): e0261828.
39. Cook AF, Arora VM, Rasinski KA, Curlin FA, Yoon JD. The prevalence of medical student mistreatment and its association with burnout. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll 2014; 89(5): 749.
40. Hsiao CJ, Akhavan NN, Singh Ospina N, Yagnik KJ, Neilan P, Hahn P, et al. Sexual Harassment Experiences Across the Academic Medicine Hierarchy. Cureus 2021; 13(2): e13508.
41. Jenner S, Djermester P, Prügl J, Kurmeyer C, Oertelt-Prigione S. Prevalence of sexual harassment in academic medicine. JAMA Intern Med 2019; 179(1): 108–11.
42. Kemper KJ, Schwartz A. Bullying, Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Physical Violence: Common and Associated with Burnout in Pediatric Residents. Acad Pediatr 2020; 20(7): 991–7.
43. Rodrigues H, Cobucci R, Oliveira A, Cabral JV, Medeiros L, Gurgel K, et al. Burnout syndrome among medical residents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13(11): e0206840.
44. Hojat M, Vergare M, Isenberg G, Cohen M, Spandorfer J. Underlying construct of empathy, optimism, and burnout in medical students. Int J Med Educ 2015; 6: 12.
45. Landgren R, Alawadi Z, Douma C, Thomas EJ, Etchegaray J. Barriers of Pediatric Residents to Speaking Up About Patient Safety. Hosp Pediatr 2016; 6(12): 738–43.
46. Green B, Oeppen RS, Smith DW, Brennan PA. Challenging hierarchy in healthcare teams – ways to flatten gradients to improve teamwork and patient care. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 55(5): 449–53.
47. Pattni N, Arzola C, Malavade A, Varmani S, Krimus L, Friedman Z. Challenging authority and speaking up in the operating room environment: a narrative synthesis. Br J Anaesth 2019; 122(2): 233–44.
48. Panhwar MS, Kalra A. Breaking Down the Hierarchy of Medicine: The airline industry has taken the lead to improve communications for pilots, it is now time for medicine to follow with physicians. Eur Heart J 2019; 40(19): 1482–3.
49. Martinez W, Lehmann LS, Thomas EJ, Etchegaray JM, Shelburne JT, Hickson GB, et al. Speaking up about traditional and professionalism-related patient safety threats: a national survey of interns and residents. BMJ Qual Saf 2017; 26(11): 869–80.
50. IsHak W, Nikravesh R, Lederer S, Perry R, Ogunyemi D, Bernstein C. Burnout in medical students: a systematic review. Clin Teach 2013; 10(4): 242–5.
