Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm that can be released from most cell types and circulate in body fluids including blood, saliva, urine, breast milk, follicular fluid (FF) and endometrial fluid. They act as a cell-to-cell communication mechanism that determines the gene expression profile and fate of target cells. Exosomes carry components such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that are involved in a variety of physiological processes as well as in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Exosomes have been shown to influence processes in the female reproductive system, including fertilization, implantation, placentation and fetal development. Therefore, they contain genetic and proteomic information that can be used as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in pregnancy-related disorders. In this context, the present review aims to gather information on exosomes with molecular components leading to diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure (POF), endometriosis and Asherman syndrome. This work may help us understand the cause of reproductive disorders and their early diagnosis.