بررسی علائم بالینی و یافته های پلی سومنوگرافی در افراد دچار خروپف

نوع مقاله : مقاله های پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه اطفال، دانشکده‌ی پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین، قزوین، ایران

2 پزشک عمومی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین، قزوین، ایران

3 پزشک عمومی، واحد حمایت از توسعه‌ی تحقیقات بالینی قدس، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین، قزوین، ایران

چکیده

چکیده مقدمه: خروپف صدای تنفسی خشن طی خواب ناشی از ارتعاش ساختمان های غشایی راه هوای فوقانی می باشد. این مشکل نسبتاً شایع ، تظاهری از خروپف اولیه تا حوادث تنفسی انسدادی راه هوایی همراه با کاهش کیفیت زندگی می باشد. این مطالعه به منظور ارزیابی بالینی و پلی سومنوگرافی (PSG ) افراد مبتلا به خروپف انجام شد.روش:این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی آینده نگر بر روی 98 بیمار خروپفی مراجعه کننده به کلینیک خواب از شهریور 1388 تا خرداد 1389 انجام شد. پرسشنامه ای شامل بخش های اطلاعات فردی دموگرافیک، علائم بالینی، بیماری های همراه، داروهای مصرفی و ESS برای هر بیمار تکمیل شد. تست پلی سونوگرافی کامل برای هر بیمار انجام و آنالیز دستی طبق AASM صورت گرفت. اطلاعات توسط آزمون آماری T-test مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: از 98 بیمار خرو پفی 74 نفر مرد بودند. متوسط وزن بیماران 18±86 کیلوگرم بود. 80 بیمار دچار اضافه وزن یا چاقی بودند. 90 بیمار OSAHS، 2 نفر سندرم مقاومت راه هوایی فوقانی و 6 نفر خروپف اولیه داشتند. 65 نفر ESS بالای 8 داشتند. بین BMI با آپنه انسدادی در خواب OSAHS (02/0>P)و بهم ریختگی خوابAI   (01/0>P) ارتباط معنی دار بود. بین میزان خواب آلودگی روزانه و AHI ارتباط معنی دار بود (01/0>P). ارتباط بین احساس عدم سرحالی روزانه و AI (01/0>P) و نیز گزارش همسر بیمار از نظر آپنه با AHI بیمار در PSG معنی دار بود (04/0>P). 58.2 درصد بیماران آپنه انسدادی شدید، 21.4 درصد متوسط، 16.3 درصد آپنه خفیف داشتند.نتیجه گیری: خروپف ، خستگی و خواب آلودگی روزانه نشانه هایی بسیار حساس برای ارزیابی آپنه هیپوپنه انسدادی در خواب می باشد. پرسش از کمیت و کیفیت خواب و ارجاع برای تشخیص قطعی با PSG در افراد دچار خروپف ضروری است.  

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Sleep Disturbances and Respiratory Events in Snorers

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shabnam Jalilalghadr 1
  • Fatemeh Saffari 1
  • Maryam Shabani 2
  • Neda Esmailzadehha 3
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
2 General Practitioner, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
3 General Practitioner, Qods Clinical Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background: Snoring is breathing with a hoarse sound during sleep caused by the vibration of membrane structures in the upper airway. Snoring can manifest as a primary snoring to obstructive sleep apnea with an apparent decrease in quality of life. The purpose of the current survey was to evaluate the clinical manifestations and polysomnographic (PSG) findings of snorers.Methods: This descriptive-analytical study included 98 snorers who referred to a sleep clinic from September 2009 to June 2010. All subjects filled a questionnaire containing demographics, clinical symptoms, the epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), comorbid diseases and medications. Full PSGs have been performed for each patient. Records were scored manually according to the guidelines of American association of sleep medicine (AASM). Finally, all data was analyzed by chi-square test and t-test.Findings: Mean weight of patients was 86 ± 18 kg and 80 individuals were overweight or obese. Moreover, 74 patients were male. According to PSG findings, 90 subjects had obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), 2 had upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) and 6 suffered from primary snoring. ESS scores more than 8 were observed in 65 persons. There were significant correlations between body mass index (BMI) and OSAHS (P < 0.01) and arousal index (AI) (P < 0.01). Moreover, the correlations between excessive daytime sleepiness, feeling unrefreshed during days and apnea hypopnea index (AHI) (P < 0.01) and AI (P < 0.01) were significant. The breath pauses reported by the patient's spouse was also significantly correlated with AHI (P < 0.04). The prevalence of patients with mild, moderate and severe sleep apnea was 16.3%, 21.4% and 58.2%, respectively.Conclusion: The sensitive signs for evaluation of OSAHS are snoring, tiredness and excessive daytime sleepiness. It seems to be necessary to screen snorers for the quantity and quality of sleep in order to refer patients for PSG.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Snoring
  • Polysomnography
  • Sleep disorder
  1. Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL. Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Chest 2007; 132(1): 325-37.
  2. Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2005. p. 1001-13
  3. Mehra R, Strohl KP. Adult sleep-disordered breathing. In: Lee-Chiong T, editor. Sleep Medicine.New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.
  4. Stores G. Clinical diagnosis and misdiagnosis of sleep disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78(12): 1293-7.
  5. Peker Y, Carlson J, Hedner J. Increased incidence of coronary artery disease in sleep apnoea: a long-term follow-up. Eur Respir J 2006; 28(3): 596-602.
  6. Milleron O, Pilliere R, Foucher A, de RF, Aegerter P, Jondeau G, et al. Benefits of obstructive sleep apnoea treatment in coronary artery disease: a long-term follow-up study. Eur Heart J 2004; 25(9): 728-34.
  7. Lee CH, Khoo SM, Tai BC, Chong EY, Lau C, Than Y, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction. Prevalence, predictors, and effect on microvascular perfusion. Chest 2009; 135(6): 1488-95.
  8. Lu G, Xu ZW, Zhang YL, Yang ZJ, Zhang XL, Yin KS. Correlation among obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, coronary atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Chin Med J (Engl ) 2007; 120(18): 1632-4.
  9. Sheldon SH. Intoduction to pediatric sleep medicine. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2005. p. 1-16.
  10. Boudewyns A, Willemen M, De CW, Verbraecken J, Coen E, Wagemans M, et al. Does socially disturbing snoring and/or excessive daytime sleepiness warrant polysomnography? Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1997; 22(5): 403-7.
  11. Gondim LM, Matumoto LM, Melo Junior MA, Bittencourt S, Ribeiro UJ. Comparative study between clinical history and polysomnogram in the obstructive sleep apnea/ hypopnea syndrome. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 73(6): 733-7.
  12. Lim PV, Curry AR. The role of history, Epworth Sleepiness Scale Score and body mass index in identifying non-apnoeic snorers. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2000; 25(4): 244-8.
  13. Iber C, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. Westchester: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2007.
  14. Hiestand DM, Britz P, Goldman M, Phillips B. Prevalence of symptoms and risk of sleep apnea in the US population: Results from the national sleep foundation sleep in America 2005 poll. Chest 2006; 130(3): 780-6.
  15. Stiller RA, Strollo PJ, Sanders MH. Unattended recording in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing. Unproven accuracy, untested assumptions, and unready for routine use. Chest 1994; 105(5): 1306-9.
  16. Adewole OO, Adeyemo H, Ayeni F, Anteyi EA, Ajuwon ZO, Erhabor GE, et al. Prevalence and correlates of snoring among adults in Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2008; 8(2): 108-13.
  17. Pichel F, Zamarron C, Magan F, Rodriguez JR. Sustained attention measurements in obstructive sleep apnea and risk of traffic accidents. Respir Med 2006; 100(6): 1020-7.
  18. Svensson M, Lindberg E, Naessen T, Janson C. Risk factors associated with snoring in women with special emphasis on body mass index: a population-based study. Chest 2006; 129(4): 933-41.
  19. Pasha SN, Khan UA. Frequency of snoring and symptoms of sleep apnea among Pakistani medical students. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2003; 15(1): 23-5.
  20. Scott S, Ah-See K, Richardson H, Wilson JA. A comparison of physician and patient perception of the problems of habitual snoring. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2003; 28(1): 18-21.
  21. Vaughn BV, Giallanza P. Technical review of polysomnography. Chest 2008; 134(6): 1310-9.
  22. Montplaisir J, Bedard MA, Richer F, Rouleau I. Neurobehavioral manifestations in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep 1992; 15(6 Suppl): S17-S19.
  23. Calero G, Farre R, Ballester E, Hernandez L, Daniel N, Montserrat Canal JM. Physiological consequences of prolonged periods of flow limitation in patients with sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. Respir Med 2006; 100(5): 813-7.
  24. Stradling JR. Pathophysiology of obstructive sleep Apnoea. In: Stradling JR, editor.New York: Oxford University Press; 1993. p. 23-48.
  25. Luthje L, Andreas S. Obstructive sleep apnea and coronary artery disease. Sleep Med Rev 2008; 12(1): 19-31.
  26. Hublin C, Partinen M. The extent and impact of insomnia as a public health problem. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 4(Suppl 1): 8-12.